ASTRONOMY CRASH COURSE

In this 46 episode series, Phil Plait (aka The Bad Astronomer) teaches you astronomy! *** Watch our videos and review your learning with the Crash Course App! Download here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo Download here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Catherine Conroy, Leonora Rossé Muñoz, John M Lee, Patty Laqua, Stephen Saar, Eric Prestemon, Sam Buck, Mark Brouwer, William McGraw, Siobhan Sabino, Mark W Billian, Jason Saslow, Jennifer Killen, Jon & Jennifer Smith, Jonathan Zbikowski, Shawn Arnold, Trevin Beattie, Matthew Curls, Khaled El Shalakany, Ian Dundore, Kenneth F Penttinen, Eric Koslow, Timothy J Kwist, Indika Siriwardena, Caleb Weeks, Zhu Junrong, HAIXIANGN/A LIU, Nathan Taylor, Alan Bridgeman, Andrei Krishkevich, Brian Thomas Gossett, SR Foxley, Alexander Thomson, Tom Trval, Justin Zingsheim, Brandon Westmoreland, dorsey, Jessica Wode, Nathan Catchings, Yasenia Cruz, Jirat -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

Welcome to the first episode of Crash Course Astronomy. Your host for this intergalactic adventure is the Bad Astronomer himself, Phil Plait. We begin with answering a question: "What is astronomy?" -- Table of Contents: What is Astronomy? 3:00 Who Studies Astronomy? 3:50 Origins & Developments 6:52 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Photos: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth_cutaway.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field#mediaviewer/File:Geodynamo_Between_Reversals.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm#mediaviewer/File:Magnetosphere_rendition.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn#mediaviewer/File:Saturn_PIA06077.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/243_Ida#mediaviewer/File:243_Ida_large.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Comet_Hale_Bopp_NASA.jpg http://solarviews.com/raw/comet/kuiper3.jpg http://solarviews.com/cap/comet/kuiper3.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars#mediaviewer/File:3_Solar_Interstellar_Neighborhood_(ELitU).png http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/06/28/planetary_nebula_sh2_68_the_flaming_skull_nebula.html http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/06/06/milky_way_galaxy_two_new_discoveries_about_its_spiral_arms.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole#mediaviewer/File:PIA16695-BlackHole-Corona-20130227.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Messier_69_HST.jpg http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/06/25/nearby_galaxies_swift_uv_pictures_of_two_galactic_neighbors.html http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Earth%27s_Location_in_the_Universe_SMALLER_%28JPEG%29.jpg http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/03/21/age_of_the_universe_planck_results_show_universe_is_13_82_billion_years.html http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2007/02/True-colour_image_of_Mars_seen_by_OSIRIS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy#mediaviewer/File:WISE-_Andromeda.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulum_Galaxy#mediaviewer/File:VST_snaps_a_very_detailed_view_of_the_Triangulum_Galaxy.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope#mediaviewer/File:HST-SM4.jpeg http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/12/21/winter_solstice_2013_the_shortest_day_of_the_year.html http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2012/12/28/full_moon_today_is_the_13th_full_moon_of_2012.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus#mediaviewer/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycho_Brahe#mediaviewer/File:Tycho_Brahe.JPG http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler#mediaviewer/File:Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton#mediaviewer/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#mediaviewer/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2012/09/25/revealing_the_universe_the_hubble_extreme_deep_field.html

Today on Crash Course Astronomy, Phil invites you to head outside and take a look at all the incredible things you can see with your naked eye. -- Table of Contents: Naked Eye Observations 0:28.4 Constellations 3:09.7 The Color of Stars 2:44.5 View of the Stars 7:25 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1333a/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:3_Solar_Interstellar_Neighborhood_(ELitU).png http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0206j/ http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0720c/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Orion_tjt.jpg http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1996/04 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphinus#mediaviewer/File:Delphinus_IAU.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pisces_(constellation)#mediaviewer/File:Pisces_constellation_map.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Cancri#mediaviewer/File:Cancer_constellation_map.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLOBE_at_Night#mediaviewer/File:Light_pollution_It%27s_not_pretty.jpg http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=7543 http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA00104 http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2007/02/True-colour_image_of_Mars_seen_by_OSIRIS http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA04866.jpg http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA06193 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Star_Trails_over_the_VLT_in_Paranal.jpg http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2006-02-a-print.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumpolar_star#mediaviewer/File:Circumpolar_AZ81.jpg

This week we build on our naked eye observations from last week and take a look at the cyclical phenomena that we can see at work in the universe. -- Table of Contents: Naked Eye Observations 0:28.4 Constellations 3:09.7 The Color of Stars 2:44.5 View of the Stars 7:25 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_ascension#mediaviewer/File:Stars_and_ra.png http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ecliptic_path.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sagittarius_Hevelius.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Scorpio.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libra_(constellation)#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Libra.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Virgo.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Leo_Hevelius.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)#mediaviewer/File:Sidney_Hall_-_Urania%27s_Mirror_-_Cancer.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe#mediaviewer/File:GEO_Globe.jpg http://sailornanny.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/5/0/10509307/4835516_orig.gif http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/04/28/earth_elliptical_orbit.jpg.CROP.original-original.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_star#mediaviewer/File:Precession_N.gif

In this episode of Crash Course Astronomy, Phil takes you through the cause and name of the Moon's phases. -- Why the Moon Has Phases 0:36.1 Spheres in Orbit 1:05.4 Name of the Moon Phases 2:25.5 How We See It 7:48.2 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#mediaviewer/File:FullMoon2010.jpg https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=1879 http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0505.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0553.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0634.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0706.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0809.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.0905.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.1011.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a004200/a004236/frames/730x730_1x1_30p/moon.1145.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#mediaviewer/File:NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2008/04/img/20080411_kaguya_01l.jpg http://global.jaxa.jp/press/2008/04/20080411_kaguya_e.html http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Operations/First_view_of_Earth_as_Rosetta_approaches_home http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sachin_Nigam_-_starry_moon_%28by-sa%29.jpg https://www.flickr.com/photos/badastronomy/14397419837/

The big question in the comments last week was, "BUT WHAT ABOUT ECLIPSES?" Today, Phil breaks 'em down for you. This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- As promised, Phil's sun spotting recommendations: Astronomers Without Borders (charitable org): http://store.astronomerswithoutborders.org/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=8&products_id=3 Rainbow Symphony glasses (I have these myself): http://www.rainbowsymphony.com/soleclipse.html Wide variety of viewers from Rainbow Symphony: http://www.eclipseglasses2017.com/buy-eclipse-glasses -- Solar Eclips 0:59 Lunar Eclipse 1:03 Moon's Orbit 1:23 Size of the Earth and Moon 8:24 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4158 http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/solar-eclipse-diagram/#.VMFSKGTF_Z0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse#mediaviewer/File:Geometry_of_a_Total_Solar_Eclipse.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_September_22,_2006#mediaviewer/File:Helder_da_Rocha_-_Partial_solar_eclipse_(by-sa).jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solar_eclipse_2008Feb07-New_Zealand-partial-Greg_Hewgill.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse#mediaviewer/File:The_Patrial_Eclipse.jpg http://philhart.smugmug.com/Sun/Queensland-Solar-Eclipse/i-qjqMzzK http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11128 http://philhart.smugmug.com/Sun/Queensland-Solar-Eclipse/i-mMSf6gB http://philhart.smugmug.com/Sun/Queensland-Solar-Eclipse/i-LffKLrf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7YX2blo1eRk http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse#mediaviewer/File:Annular_Eclipse._Taken_from_Middlegate,_Nevada_on_May_20,_2012.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geometry_of_a_Lunar_Eclipse.svg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10787 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_eclipse_April_15_2014_California_Alfredo_Garcia_Jr1.jpg http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10787 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_eclipse#mediaviewer/File:Lunar_eclipse_oct_8_2014_Minneapolis_4_46am.png http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4155

Today Phil explains how telescopes work and offers up some astronomical shopping advice. -- How Telescopes Work 1:07 Refractors vs Reflectors 2:50 Technology and the Light Spectrum 7:45 -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei#mediaviewer/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye#mediaviewer/File:Human_eye_with_blood_vessels.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refracting_telescope#mediaviewer/File:Refractor_Cincinnati_observatory.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Positive_lens_2.svg http://www.eso.org/public/images/yb_vlt_moon_cnn_cc/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter#mediaviewer/File:Jupiter_MAD.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera#mediaviewer/File:Hubble_Images_of_M100_Before_and_After_Mirror_Repair_-_GPN-2002-000064.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prime_focus_telescope.svg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Inspection_of_the_primary_mirror_of_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope8218871.jpg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ui6ernRFxOg#t=2m22s http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel#mediaviewer/File:William_Herschel01.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_National_Park,_23_Annual_Star_Party_2013_-_0082_-_Flickr_-_Grand_Canyon_NPS.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File_talk:EM_spectrum.svg#mediaviewer/File:EM_spectrumrevised.png https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqX9vLj3_7w#t=4m52s http://pprc.qmul.ac.uk/~still/wordpress/?page_id=138 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VERITAS#mediaviewer/File:MMT_FLWO_Amado_AZ_10359.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography#mediaviewer/File:Henry_Drape_Orion_nebula_1880_inverted.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography#mediaviewer/File:Orion-Nebula_A_A_Common.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA18593-Mars-CometSidingSpring-NEOWISE-20140728.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NASA-HS201427a-HubbleUltraDeepField2014-20140603.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chromatic_aberration_3.svg/2000px-Chromatic_aberration_3.svg.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/The_Whirlpool_Galaxy_%28M51%29.jpg http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/12/image/a/

In today's episode, Phil looks at how gravity plays out across the universe. This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Gravity is a Force 2:17 Different Types of Orbit 3:41 Escape Velocity 5:30 Weightless Mass 7:03 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS First photo by Roscosmos / NTSOMZ/ SRC "Planeta" / zelenyikot.livejournal.com http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/09/25/earth_at_equinox_elektro_l_view_of_the_earth_from_space.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_Hooke_with_a_book,_spring_and_quill.JPG http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton#mediaviewer/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler#mediaviewer/File:Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_L._Nyberg#mediaviewer/File:Karen_Nyberg_STS124_-_2008June07_(NASA_S124-e007134).jpg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=doN4t5NKW-k

Today Phil explores the world of tides! What is the relationship between tides and gravity? How do planets and their moons become tidally locked? What would happen if you were 300km tall? Important questions. -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Gravity Over Distance 0:44 Tidal Force Parameters 1:35 Battle of the Bulges 2:55 Tidal Lock 6:17 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS Photo & video credit: "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio" http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4236 Photo credit: "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio" https://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/8556665115/in/photostream/ http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=1333 The Hopewell Rocks - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnDJ6_XpGfo

In today's Crash Course Astronomy, Phil takes a look at the explosive history of our cosmic backyard. We explore how we went from a giant ball of gas to the system of planets and other celestial objects we have today. This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Makeup of a Solar System 2:38 From Gas to a Disc 5:36 Planet Formation Depends on Distance to Sun 7:14 Motion of a System 8:21 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS Sun: http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/706436main_20121114-304-193blend_m6-orig_full.jpg [credit: NASA/ESA] Jupiter: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/hubble/20140515/jupiter20140515-full.jpg [credit: NASA/ESA] Geocentric celestial spheres; Peter Apian's Cosmographia (Antwerp, 1539): http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_spheres#mediaviewer/File:Ptolemaicsystem-small.png Ganymede: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Noaa_ganymede.jpg Mercury: http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/CW0131775256F_web.png [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington] Understanding Solar System Dynamics: Orbits and Kepler's Laws (2008): https://archive.org/details/OrbitsAndKeplersLaws Mercury: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080116.html Venus: http://www.msss.com/all_projects/magellan.php Earth: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=36019 Mars: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-mars.html Jupiter: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia04866.html Saturn: http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/06/Ten%20Years%20at%20Saturn/cassini_ugarkovic_saturn.jpg.CROP.original-original.jpg [credit: Photo by NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute/Gordan Ugarkovic] Uranus: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1998/35/image/a/ Neptune: http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/05/15/neptune_voyager_images_updated_for_portrait_of_the_eighth_planet.html http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/hs-2014-29-a-large_web.jpg [credit: JHUAPL/SwRI/Dan Durda] Bennu’s Journey: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=20220&button=recent http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11541 Artist's impression of a protoplanetary disk: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk#mediaviewer/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_Impression_of_a_Baby_Star_Still_Surrounded_by_a_Protoplanetary_Disc.jpg Rocky Ring of Debris Around Vega: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/multimedia/pia16610.html [image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech] Proplyds in the Orion Nebula: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Born_in_beauty_proplyds_in_the_Orion_Nebula

Phil takes us for a closer (eye safe!) look at the two-octillion ton star that rules our solar system. We look at the sun's core, plasma, magnetic fields, sunspots, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and what all of that means for our planet. This episode is sponsored by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- The Sun is a Star 1:28 Plasma's Magnetic Fields 6:11 Sunspots, Solar Flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections 7:09 How the Earth Reacts 9:18 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTO/VIDEO CREDITS Hubble extrasolar planet search field in Sagittarius: http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0612d/ [credit: NASA, ESA, K. Sahu (STScI) and the SWEEPS science team] The Sun: http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/499558main_hmi4096.jpg [credit: SDO/HMI] The Sun: http://d1jqu7g1y74ds1.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/SDO_4096_0171.jpg [credit: NASA/SDO/AIA] Earth: http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/earth-from-space-15-amazing-things-in-15-years/#.VMvNXmTF_Z0 [credit: NASA's Earth Observatory] Fusion in the Sun: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FusionintheSun.svg [credit: Borb] Empire State Building: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Building#mediaviewer/File:Empire_State_Building_from_the_Top_of_the_Rock.jpg Sun Structure: https://www.flickr.com/photos/[email protected]/2819311727/ Photospheric granulation: http://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/images/granules.jpg Corona: http://philhart.smugmug.com/Sun/Queensland-Solar-Eclipse/i-qjqMzzK [credit: Phil Hart] "Magnet0873" by Newton Henry Black - Newton Henry Black, Harvey N. Davis (1913) Practical Physics, The MacMillan Co., USA, p. 242, fig. 200. Licensed under Public Domain via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnet0873.png#mediaviewer/File:Magnet0873.png Strange Days On The Sun: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11682 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Images courtesy of NASA/SDO] Under the Sunspots: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=20070 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab] Raining Loops: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011100/a011168/Raining_Loops_Still_2.jpg [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO] Coronal Mass Ejection: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_xYcMQe5KA [credit: NASA] Aurora: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-BicSV9RAw Soloar Close-ups: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=4061 [credit: NASA]

Phil starts the planet-by-planet tour of the solar system right here at home, Earth. -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Earth is a Planet 0:03 Layers of Earth 1:25 The Magnetic Field 5:10 Atmosphere and the Human Influence 6:14 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS Planets: Mercury: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap080116.html Venus: http://www.msss.com/all_projects/magellan.php Earth: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=36019 Mars: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/photo_gallery/photogallery-mars.html Jupiter: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia04866.html Saturn: http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/06/Ten%20Years%20at%20Saturn/cassini_ugarkovic_saturn.jpg.CROP.original-original.jpg [credit: Photo by NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute/Gordan Ugarkovic] Uranus: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1998/35/image/a/ Neptune: http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/05/15/neptune_voyager_images_updated_for_portrait_of_the_eighth_planet.html Ulaan Tsutgalan waterfall: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkhon_River#mediaviewer/File:Ulaan-Tsutgalan-waterfall.jpg Perspective on a cloudy day: http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/09/05/clouds_from_space_photo_by_iss_astronaut_oleg_artemyev.html [credit: Oleg Artemyev] Rain droplets: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rain_droplets.jpg Yellowston Mud Pot: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_bubble#mediaviewer/File:Yellowstone_mud_pot_p1090998.jpg Sea otters holding hands: http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9D#mediaviewer/File:Sea_otters_holding_hands.jpg Continental Drift: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=73 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio] Mission to Bennu: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11697 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab] http://www.es.ucsc.edu/~glatz/GarysImages/surf.gif [credit: San Diego Supercomputer Center / Nature] Excerpt from "Dynamic Earth" http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11003 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center] Clouds: http://www.beachfrontbroll.com/2013/07/BrightSkyandClouds.html Aurora Borealis: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4YjCIoPHT0U [credit: Fotograf Göran Strand] Waves On Rocky Shore 1080 (2011): https://archive.org/details/wavesOnRockyShore-1080 A Year In The Life Of Earth’s CO2: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11719 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center] NASA | 2014 Continues Long-Term Global Warming: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtPkFBbJLMg

Join Phil for a tour of our capital-M Moon, from surface features, inside to the core, and back in time to theories about its formation. This episode is brought to you by Squarespace: http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Many Millions of Moons 0:27 Big Impact on Little Earth 3:42 Craters and Maria 2:15 Water on the Moon? H2O Yeah! 8:06 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS Moon Phase 47.7% http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=3894 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio] The Blue Marble http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723 [credit: Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Image by Reto Stöckli] Dramatic Moonset http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1023a/ [credit: G.Gillet/European Southern Observatory] Structure of the Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#mediaviewer/File:Moon_diagram.svg [credit: Kelvin Song via WikiMedia Commons] Crater Science Investigations: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10792 [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center] Lunar crater Daealus http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunar_crater_Daedalus.jpg [credit: NASA] Mare Humorum http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mare_Humorum_-_LROC_-_WAC.JPG [credit: NASA] Luna 3: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/lu3_1.html [credit: NASA] Farside!: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/298 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University] Theia Earth Collision: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-violent-history-of-earths-moon-1098565110 [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission] Earth Seen From Early Moon: http://io9.com/the-incredibly-violent-history-of-earths-moon-1098565110 [credit: Ron Miller, used with permission] Moon Struck: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10931 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center] Tycho: http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/417417main_tychofull-20100115-full.jpg [credit: NASA/Goddard/Arizona State University] Double crater on the moon: http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2006/09/Double_crater_on_the_Moon [credit: ESA/SPACE-X (Space Exploration Institute)] Stream of Craters: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc_20090810_craterstream.html [credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center/Arizona State University] Full Moon: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon#mediaviewer/File:FullMoon2010.jpg [credit: Gregory H. Revera] Rille on the valley floor, photographic mosaic from Apollo 15: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schroter%27s_Valley#mediaviewer/File:Vallis_Schroteri.jpg [credit: NASA] New Views of Lunar Pits: http://lroc.sese.asu.edu/posts/230 [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University] Crater Erlanger: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/Mini-RF/multimedia/erlanger_crater.html [credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University]

Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. It has no atmosphere and is, as such, covered in craters. It's also incredibly hot but, surprisingly, has water ice hiding beneath its surface. -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Closest Planet to the Sun 0:03 Rotation Locked to its 2 to 3 Orbit Ratio 3:10 Deep Crater Water Ice 8:39 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS Mercury relief in Olomouc: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_relief_in_Olomouc.jpg [credit: Michal Maňas] Mercury: Phil Plait Mercury in color: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_in_color_c1000_700_430.png [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington] Earth Based View of Mercury: http://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/multimedia/detail.cfm?id=3726 [credit: Catalina Observatory] Caloris Basin: http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1503/PIA19216MessengerCaloris.jpg [credit: NASA, Johns Hopkins Univ. APL, Arizona State U., CIW] MESSENGER photos: http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/EW1010234404_500_web.jpg http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/EN0108830230M.jpg http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/pics/EW0224377798G.nomap.png [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington] Mercury’s core: http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/~jlm/out/Mercury/mercury_NSF_printsize.jpg [credit: Nicolle Rager Fuller, National Science Foundation] Mercury’s Ice Lockers: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11184 [credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington] Mercury’s Tail: http://geeked.gsfc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Mercury_exosphere_600-full.jpg [credit: NASA]

Venus is a gorgeous naked-eye planet, hanging like a diamond in the twilight -- but it’s beauty is best looked at from afar. Even though Mercury is closer to the sun, Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system, due to a runaway greenhouse effect, and has the most volcanic activity in the solar system. Its north and south poles were flipped, causing it to rotate backwards and making for very strange days on this beautiful but inhospitable world. This episode is brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Venus’s Size and Atmosphere 3:09 Hottest Planet in the Solar System 4:04 Slow Clockwise Rotation 6:02 Tremendous Volcanic Activity 8:31 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS Naked-eye Venus photo taken by Phil Plait Phases of Venus http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phases-of-Venus2.jpg [credit: Wikimedia Commons] 2012 Venus Transit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34mXua1n_FQ [credit: NASA] Black drop effect in 2004 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_drop_effect#mediaviewer/File:BlackDrop-Venus-Transit.jpg [credit: Vesta] Venus Transit http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/657111main_1-SOT_120606_venus_ca_nc_yellow_001_color_full.jpg [credit: JAXA/NASA/Lockheed Martin] Venus in real colors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus#mediaviewer/File:Venus-real_color.jpg [credit: NASA] Earth http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723 [credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Image by Reto Stöckli] Venus http://www.msss.com/images/science/venus180hem_magellan_big.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Magellan Project] Atmospheric Drag on Venus https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRAonBSIBck [credit: NASA] Lakshmi Planum and Maxwell Montes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_snow#mediaviewer/File:Maxwell_Montes_of_planet_Venus.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL] Artist's impression of the surface of Venus http://sci.esa.int/science-e-media/img/59/VenusSurface.jpg [credit: ESA] Venera Images http://planetimages.blogspot.com/ [credit: Ted Stryk] Venus Globe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus#mediaviewer/File:Venus_globe.jpg [credit: NASA] Impact craters on the surface of Venus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus#mediaviewer/File:Mgn_p39146.png [credit: Wikimedia Commons] Idunn Mons http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/figures/PIA13001_fig1.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESA] Pancake Volcanoes http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake_dome#mediaviewer/File:PIA00084_Eistla_region_pancake_volcanoes.jpg [credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory]

The fourth planet from the sun and the outermost of the terrestrial planets, Mars has long been a popular spot for missions and imagination. Phil walks you through the planet's topography, core, and features. We'll take a look back to Mars's past and makes predictions for its future, including the possibilities for human life. -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Mars is Colder and Smaller Than Earth 0:56 Polar Ice Caps 3:29 Rusty & Dusty 1:16 Huge Volcanoes 2:32 Mars’s Past Geography 6:33 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTO/VIDEO SOURCES Planets https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System#/media/File:Planets2013.jpg [credit: Wikimedia Commons] Terrestrial Planets https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus#mediaviewer/File:Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png [credit: Wikimedia Commons] Curiosity’s view of martian soil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_soil#/media/File:PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS] Mars Topography http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA02820 [credit: NASA/JPL] Tharsis http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tharsis_-_Valles_Marineris_MOLA_shaded_colorized_zoom_32.jpg/1280px-Tharsis_-_Valles_Marineris_MOLA_shaded_colorized_zoom_32.jpg [credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Arizona State University] Olympus Mons http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg [credit: NASA] Valles Marineris https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valles_Marineris#/media/File:Mars_Valles_Marineris.jpeg [credit: NASA/USGS] Cappuccino swirls at Mars south pole http://www.esa.int/var/esa/storage/images/esa_multimedia/images/2015/02/cappuccino_swirls_at_mars_south_pole/15243840-1-eng-GB/Cappuccino_swirls_at_Mars_south_pole.jpg [credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin / Bill Dunford] The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image 1 http://static.uahirise.org/images/2015/details/cut/ESP_039148_1980.jpg [credit: NASA] The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter image 2 http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/figures/PIA19127_fig1.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL] Dunes, image 1 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/press/20090317a/ESP_011909_1320.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona] Dunes, image 2 http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/pia17981.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona] Serpent Dust Devil http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/multimedia/pia15116.html [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona] Tattooed Mars http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1500.html [credit: NASA, HiRISE, MRO, LPL (U. Arizona)] Avalanche http://www.uahirise.org/ESP_016228_2650 [credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona] Deimos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Mars#/media/File:Deimos-MRO.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona] Phobos https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Mars#/media/File:Phobos_colour_2008.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona] Mars' Moon Phobos Eclipses the Sun, as Seen by Curiosity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyZoD7BRTtg [credit: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory] Material Excavated by a Fresh Impact and Identified as Water Ice http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA12220 [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona] Crater walls http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/mgs-20061206/hi-resjpgs/1.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Malin Space Science Systems] Sedimentary deposit http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/images/mars-curiosity-rover-mastcam-sedimentary-deposit-lakebed-rocks-pia19074-full.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS] Curiosity rover http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA16764.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS] Astronaut on Mars http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/114626main_image_feature_326_ys_full.jpg [credit: NASA] Skylight http://static.uahirise.org/images/2011/details/cut/ESP_019351_1795_a.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona] Life on mars http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/107427main_image_feature_261_ajhfull.jpg [credit: NASA/Pat Rawlings, SAIC]

Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar system. The gas giant is NOT a failed star, but a really successful planet! It has a dynamic atmosphere with belts and zones, as well as an enormous red spot that’s actually a persistent hurricane. Jupiter is still warm from its formation, and has an interior that’s mostly metallic hydrogen, and it may not even have a core. -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Jupiter is the Biggest Planet in Our Solar System 0:28 Belts and Zones 1:33 Persistent Hurricane 2:32 Metallic Hydrogen Interior 4:03 Fast Spin 0:49 Not a Failure 6:17 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTO/VIDEO SOURCES Jupiter http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/images/screen/heic1410a.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Simon (Goddard Space Flight Center)] Earth http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view.php?id=57723 [credit: NASA] Telescope view https://farm7.staticflickr.com/6155/6177104089_ae8cc91af4_o_d.jpg [credit: Chris Isherwood / Flickr] Jupiter Belt System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter#/media/File:Jupiter_Belt_System.svg [credit: Wikimedia Commons & NASA/JPL] Jupiter’s Jet Streams http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10981 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center] 2010 belt sinking http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/images/wallpaper3/heic1010b.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA and Z. Levay (STScI)] Storms http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA01384.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL] Jupiter Approach http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/images/content/388625main_Jupiter_Approach.gif [credit: NASA] Red spot shrinking http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2014-24-a-print.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Simon (Goddard Space Flight Center)] Jupiter’s Hot Spots http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11237 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center] Gas interior http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/gas_interiors.jpg [credit: NASA] Jupiter interior http://juno.wisc.edu/Images/using/Science/Objectives/Jupiter_Interior.jpg [credit: NASA] Creating Gas Giants http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=11541 [credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center] Jupiter’s oblate disc https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Iridia/J_2#/media/File:Jupiter_on_2009-07-23_(captured_by_the_Hubble_Space_Telescope).jpg [credit: WikiMedia Commons/NASA] Jupiter heat http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA13760.jpg [credit: NASA/IRTF/JPL-Caltech/University of Oxford] Jupiter and its shrunken red spot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter#/media/File:Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Simon (Goddard Space Flight Center)] Jupiter’s magnetosphere https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)#/media/File:Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg [credit: WikiMedia Commons / Volcanopele] Jupiter aurora https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/hubblesite_2000_38a.jpg [credit: John Clarke (University of Michigan) and NASA] Jupiter’s ring http://pds-rings.seti.org/jupiter/galileo/PIA01621.jpg [credit: NASA] Cosmic Fireball Falling Over ALMA http://www.eso.org/public/images/potw1414a/ [credit: ESO/C. Malin] Shoemaker http://zebu.uoregon.edu/images/G-MSSSO.gif [credit: ANU / Peter McGregor] Shoemaker scars http://hubblesite.org/hubble_discoveries/10th/photos/graphics/slide21high.jpg [credit: R. Evans, J. Trauger, H. Hammel and the HST Comet Science Team and NASA] Smaller impacts http://imgsrc.hubblesite.org/hu/db/images/hs-2009-23-a-print.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA, and H. Hammel (Space Science Institute, Boulder, Colo.), and the Jupiter Impact Team]

Before moving on from Jupiter to Saturn, we’re going to linger for a moment on Jupiter’s moons. There are 67 known moons, and 4 huge ones that we want to explore in greater detail. Ganymede is the largest - larger, in fact, than any other moon in the solar system and the planet Mercury! Callisto, orbiting the farthest out, is smaller but quite similar to Ganymede in many ways. Io, meanwhile, is most noteworthy for its tremendous volcanic activity. There’s also water on Ganymede and Europa! This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Jupiter Has 67 Moons (4 Big Ones) 0:12 Ganymede is the Largest 1:15 Io is Riddled With Volcanoes 3:16 Europa Has an Undersurface Ocean 4:48 Io, Europa, and Ganymede Interact Gravitationally 3:48 Known Unknowns 8:06 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTO/VIDEO SOURCES Galileo’s notebook http://hos.ou.edu/exhibits/exhibit.php?exbid=4 [credit: Image(s) courtesy History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries; copyright the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma.] Jupiter’s moons http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA00600.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/DLR] Ganymede http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011100/a011173/Image4_1920x1080.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Ted Stryk] Interior of Ganymede https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PIA00519_Interior_of_Ganymede.jpg [credit: Wikimedia Commons / NASA] Ganymede terrain https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ganymede_terrain.jpg [credit: Wikimedia Commons / NASA] Artist Conception of Ganymede http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/hubbles-view-of-ganymede-briefing-materials/ (Figure 5) [credit: NASA/ESA] Callisto http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA03456.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/DLR] Interior of Callisto https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon)#/media/File:PIA01478_Interior_of_Callisto.jpg [credit: Wikimedia Commons / NASA] Valhalla crater on Callisto https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Valhalla_crater_on_Callisto.jpg [credit: Wikimedia Commons / NASA / JPL] Io http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011455/s1-1920.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/USGS] Io volcano image http://solarviews.com/browse/jup/ioplumedisc.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL] Io eruption video http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011455/IO_Eruption-540-MASTER_high.mp4 [credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute] Io surface http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a011400/a011455/s2-1204.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona] Jupiter Magnetosphere Schema https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)#/media/File:Jupiter_magnetosphere_schematic.jpg [credit: Wikimedia Commons / Volcanopele] Jupiter aurora http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/images/large/heic0009a.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA & John T. Clarke (Univ. of Michigan)] Europa http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19048.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute] Europa ocean http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/image/1205/EuropasOcean_KPHand003.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Kevin Hand Habitable zone diagram http://www.keckobservatory.org/images/made/images/gallery/solar_system/Slides-8_1800_1350.jpg [credit: PETIGURA/UC BERKELEY, HOWARD/UH-MANOA, MARCY/UC BERKELEY] Amalthea http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA02532.jpg [c redit: NASA/JPL/Cornell University]

Saturn is the crown jewel of the solar system, beautiful and fascinating. It is a gas giant, and has a broad set of rings made of ice particles. Moons create gaps in the rings via their gravity. Saturn has dozens of moons, including Titan, which is as big as Mercury and has a thick atmosphere and lakes of methane; and Enceladus which has an undersurface ocean and eruptions of water geysers. While we are still uncertain, it is entirely possible that either or both moons may support life. This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Saturn is a Gas Giant 0:33 Moons Create Gaps in the Ice Rings 5:17 Dozens of Moons 6:18 Titan’s Methane Lakes 7:56 Enceladus’s Water Geysers 8:33 Life Potential 9:30 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS Saturn http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/saturn/images/IMG004899.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute/G. Ugarkovic] Interiors http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/gas_interiors.jpg [credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute] Saturn Ring Plane Crossing http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/images/large/opo9616a.jpg [credit: Erich Karkoschka (University of Arizona Lunar & Planetary Lab) and NASA/ESA] Translucent Rings http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA18295 [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute] Catching its Tail http://www.ciclops.org/view_media/34501/Catching_Its_Tail?js=1 [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute] Enter the Vortex http://www.ciclops.org/view_media/38030/Enter_the_Vortex_In_Psychedelic_Color [credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute] The Rose http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia14944.html#.VSwz-5TF_Z0 [credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute] Ice http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/205796main_PIA10081-hires.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/University of Colorado] Saturn’s rings to scale http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2014/05/02/saturn_s_rings_to_scale_thinner_than_paper.html [credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute] Saturn’s Ring Plane http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#/media/File:Saturn%27s_ring_plane.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute - Cassini-Huygens/NASA] Saturn http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/saturn/images/IMG004899.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute/G. Ugarkovic] Shaping the Drapes (video) http://ciclops.org/view.php?id=1361&js=1 [credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute] Peaks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#/media/File:PIA11668_B_ring_peaks_2x_crop.jpg [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab / Space Science Institute] Mimas Cassini http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimas_(moon)#/media/File:Mimas_Cassini.jpg [credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute] Cassini NAC RGB https://www.flickr.com/photos/ugordan/6896462870/sizes/o/in/photostream/ [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute/G. Ugarkovic] Titan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)#/media/File:Titan2005.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute] Titan’s Nile River http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2012/11/Titan_s_Nile_River [credit: NASA/JPL–Caltech/ASI] Lakes http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/figures/PIA17655_fig1.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASI/USGS] Enceladus http://www.ciclops.org/view_media/39541/Bursting-at-the-Seams [credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute] Iapetus Ridge http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_ridge#/media/File:Iapetus_706_1419_1.jpg [credit: NASA (Cassini probe), Matt McIrvin (image mosaic)] Hyperion http://ciclops.org/media/ir/2005/1507_3730_1.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute] Saturn eclipse mosaic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn#/media/File:PIA17172_Saturn_eclipse_mosaic_bright_crop.jpg [credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute]

Today we’re rounding out our planetary tour with ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Both have small rocky cores, thick mantles of ammonia, water, and methane, and atmospheres that make them look greenish and blue. Uranus has a truly weird rotation and relatively dull weather, while Neptune has clouds and storms whipped by tremendous winds. Both have rings and moons, with Neptune’s Triton probably being a captured iceball that has active geology. This episode was brought to you by Squarespace http://www.squarespace.com/crashcourse -- Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- Table of Contents Ice Giants With Small Rocky Cores 2:18 Thick Mantles of Ammonia, Water, and Methane 1:53 Atmospheres Makes Them Look Green And Blue 2:53 Uranus Has Dull Weather 3:35 Neptune Has Active Weather 7:19 Both Have Rings And Moons 5:12 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS Uranus http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyager_2#/media/File:Uranus2.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL/Voyager mission] Neptune https://www.nasa.gov/content/25-years-ago-voyager-2-captures-images-of-neptune/ [credit: NASA] King George III http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom#/media/File:Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Uranus from Earth picture by Phil Plait Uranus, Earth size comparison http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus,_Earth_size_comparison.jpg [credit: NASA] Uranus core, reconstructed from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus-intern-en.png [credit: Wikimedia Commons] Uranus http://www.spacetelescope.org/static/archives/images/screen/opo0647b.jpg [credit: NASA, ESA, L. Sromovsky and P. Fry (University of Wisconsin), H. Hammel (Space Science Institute), and K. Rages (SETI Institute)] Uranus storms http://www.keckobservatory.org/images/made/images/blog/Uranus_Aug20142_800_407.jpg [credit: Imke de Pater (UC–Berkeley)/Keck Observatory] Uranus and rings (tilt demonstration) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus#/media/File:Uranusandrings.jpg [credit: Hubble Space Telescope - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center] Uranus with rings and moons http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0237a/ [credit: ESO] Miranda http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#/media/File:Miranda.jpg [credit: NASA] Verona Rupes http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap110404.html [credit: NASA] Neptune’s Interior https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=283 [credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute] Neptune clouds http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neptune_clouds.jpg [credit: NASA] Neptune’s Great Dark Spot http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune#/media/File:Neptune%27s_Great_Dark_Spot.jpg [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab] Neptune’s Rings http://www.rolfolsenastrophotography.com/Astrophotography/Solar-System/i-vjMHSxz/A [credit: Rolf Wahl Olsen / NASA/JPL (Voyager 2, NASA Planetary Data System)] Triton http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)#/media/File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg [credit: NASA / Jet Propulsion Lab / U.S. Geological Survey] Triton flipped http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA01538_Triton_flipped_v.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL] Triton Nitrogen Geysers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)#/media/File:Voyager_2_Triton_14bg_r90ccw_colorized.jpg[credit: NASA]