ASTROPHYSICS

Guest on stream today was Dr. Katie Mack Astrophysicist. Assistant Professor of Physics at North Carolina State University Website: http://www.astrokatie.com | Blog: https://bit.ly/2pUzECr | Twitter: twitter.com/astrokatie -- Watch live at https://www.twitch.tv/skylias

Guest is Dr. Ethan Siegel Astrophysicist/Science Writer About: https://bit.ly/2Gkm46s | Starts With a Bang Blog: https://bit.ly/2GDXP2s | YouTube: https://bit.ly/2pQcnl6 | Books: https://amzn.to/2IeHazK | Twitter: twitter.com/startswithabang -- Watch live at https://www.twitch.tv/skylias

Is String Theory the final solution for all of physic’s questions or an overhyped dead end? This video was funded by SNSF under Agora Grant n. 171622 and through the NCCR SwissMAP: The Mathematics of Physics. Kurzgesagt Newsletter: http://eepurl.com/cRUQxz Support us on Patreon so we can make more videos (and get cool stuff in return): https://www.patreon.com/Kurzgesagt?ty=h Kurzgesagt merch: http://bit.ly/1P1hQIH Facebook: http://bit.ly/1NB6U5O Twitter: http://bit.ly/2DDeT83 Instagram: http://bit.ly/2DEN7r3 Discord: https://discord.gg/Fsstncs The music of the video here: Soundcloud: http://bit.ly/2CsAbob Bandcamp: http://bit.ly/2oHsSPZ Facebook: http://bit.ly/2qW6bY4 THANKS A LOT TO OUR LOVELY PATRONS FOR SUPPORTING US: Flavio Storino, Alice Balcon, Hari Krishnan, Warren Wiscombe, Sara Zeglin, Asiryan Alexander, maarten sprengers, William Northern, Kerem Mimaroglu, Yana Kultysheva, Josh, Keaton Anderson, Croconaw, Peter Steinberger, Jonathan Diamond, Troy McConaghy, Paddy, Darko Sperac, Peter Burkhalter, Chris Amaris, Tyler Lovell, John Ruble, Chase Henson, Arpita Singh, Edward C.P., Andreas Edlund, Ryan Bubinski, Paul Greyson, Jerry Ding, Austin Sundquist, Daniel Link, Tim Johnson, kayleigh dreste, Johan Sjöblom, Max Stuart, Mush Rain, Andor Baranyi, Eduardas Afanasjevas, Bill Clem, Jake Smith, Stephen Woerner, Jeff Sorensen, Christopher Damsgaard, Eduardo AV, Michael Gawenka, Florian Hoedt, Lucas Nyman, Nathanael Baker, Martin Wierzyk, Mauricio Streb, Karl, Rameet Chawla, Joachim Andersen, Avinash, Erik Golden, Glenn Stoltz, Elliott Nelson, Andrew Averett, Ben Wei Help us caption & translate this video! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_p... String Theory Explained – What is The True Nature of Reality?

Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly). *New model links high energy cosmic rays, neutrinos, and gamma rays One of the biggest mysteries in astroparticle physics may have been solved by a new model linking ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, very high-energy neutrinos, and high-energy gamma rays to supermassive black holes. *Black Hole discovered hiding in globular cluster Astronomers have for the first time discovered an inactive black hole hiding silently in the heart of a globular cluster. *New study could help predict volcanic eruptions Scientists have found a link between volcanic activity and tidal cycles. *February Skywatch We check out Orion, the Pleiades, Sirius and the Magellanic Clouds on February’s Skywatch. *The Science Report The oldest human fossil discovered outside Africa found in an Israeli cave. Using tiny crystals to predict volcanic eruptions. Discovery of a link between vitamin D blood levels and respiratory health. Scientists discover that most female cats are right handed. For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list

To support SciShow Space and learn more about Brilliant, go to https://brilliant.org/scishowspace/. A naked singularity is something that should be a black hole, but it’s neither black nor a hole. If they exist, they’ll rewrite physics as we know it. We want to learn more about you and your opinions! If you have time, please take a moment to fill out this survey: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/SciShowSurvey2017 Thank you! Host: Reid Reimers ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Kelly Landrum Jones, Sam Lutfi, Kevin Knupp, Nicholas Smith, D.A. Noe, alexander wadsworth, سلط الخليفي, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Bella Nash, Charles Southerland, Bader AlGhamdi, James Harshaw, Patrick Merrithew, Patrick D. Ashmore, Candy, Tim Curwick, charles george, Saul, Mark Terrio-Cameron, Viraansh Bhanushali, Kevin Bealer, Philippe von Bergen, Chris Peters, Justin Lentz ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: https://io9.gizmodo.com/5825098/whats-so-scandalous-about-a-naked-singularity https://www.quantamagazine.org/where-gravity-is-weak-and-naked-singularities-are-verboten-20170620/ http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/new_naked_bet.html http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/nyt_bet_story.html https://www.sciencenews.org/article/naked-singularity-might-evade-cosmic-censor https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/critical-opalescence/what-would-it-be-like-to-fall-into-a-naked-singularity-guest-post/ http://www.nytimes.com/1991/03/10/us/computer-defies-einstein-s-theory.html https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917604.300-science-naked-singularities-pose-problems-for-einsteins-theory/ https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.994 http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/16/weekinreview/what-a-physicist-finds-obscene.html http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~tobin/documents/kip-in-discover-2007-11.pdf ---------- Images: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Black_Hole_in_the_universe.jpg https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/multimedia/pia16695.html https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/images/467382main_dn12679-1_600.jpg https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap141026.html https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap041226.html https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-k4.html https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/multimedia/imagegallery/2017_achievements/ACD17-0168-12.html

Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly). SpaceTime 20180105 Series 21 Episode 02 *Solving the mystery of what came first? Astronomers may be a step closer to solving one of the greatest mysteries in astrophysics – which came first the galaxy – or the supermassive black hole at its centre. The problem is do galaxies form first from the accumulation of stars, globular clusters, and molecular gas and dust clouds -- with densities at the galactic centre eventually becoming so high it forms a black hole. *Supermassive black hole stellar factory Astronomers have discovered 11 newly formed infant protostars within three light years of the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy. Black holes generate powerful gravitational tidal forces and intense ultraviolet and X-ray radiation – environments far more conducive to destroying stars rather than creating them. *Mars may not be as dry as it seems A new study suggests water on Mars is being absorbed by the red planet’s rocks like a sponge. The findings reported in the journal Nature suggest that Martian basalt rocks can hold up to 25 percent more water than similar basalts on Earth. *SpaceX to launch Falcon Heavy shortly After more than 12 years of planning and development Space X is finally getting ready to fly its new Falcon Heavy launch vehicle. The 70-metre-tall reusable rocket is based around three Falcon 9 common booster core stages -- mounted side by side in a similar fashion to the Delta 4 heavy -- from which it will take the title as the world’s most powerful operational launch vehicle. For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list For more, follow SpaceTime on Facebook, twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, Instagram, Google+, Patreon and Spreaker: Facebook: @spacetimewithstuartgary twitter: @stuartgary Tumblr: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/spacetimewithstuartgary/ Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/2/collection/cabtNB YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhpBkuHSLfIRnliLB12HoC1QE0rwr8qRS Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Spreaker: https://www.spreaker.com/show/spacetime-with-stuart-gary-2017 If you're enjoying SpaceTime, please help out by sharing and telling your friends. The best recommendation I can get is one from you. Thank you…

Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com What strange creatures inhabit the so-called “particle zoo”? Why is it a zoo instead of something simpler? Is there anything that connects the forces and particles of our universe? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman! Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Like on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/PaulMattSutter Watch on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/PaulMSutter Go on an adventure: http://www.AstroTours.co Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G., Matthew K., Kevin O., Justin R., Chris C., Helge B., Tim R., SkyDiving Storm Trooper, Lars H., Khaled T., Raymond S., John F., Anilavadhanula, Mark R., and David B.! Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain. Thanks to WCBE Radio for hosting the recording session, Greg Mobius for producing, and Cathy Rinella for editing. Hosted by Paul M. Sutter, astrophysicist at The Ohio State University, Chief Scientist at COSI Science Center, and the one and only Agent to the Stars (http://www.pmsutter.com).

While we have all these different types or classifications of black holes, they all have one particular thing in common: they can all collide and merge. In this video, we discuss different possibilities of black holes colliding and merging and look in detail on what is going on. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow?sub_confirmation=1 ►Written, Produced & Narrated by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/03MtDOFSxPo Music: “Cylinder Five” by Chris Zabriskie

Let’s talk about the mysterious zero-point energy and what it really can, and really can’t do. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: The Vacuum Challenge | Space Time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n6jAOV7bZ3Y The quantum field theory predicts that there exists an energy of the vacuum resulting from the non-zero zero-point energies of the quantum fields that fill our universe. As we discussed in our last episode on the vacuum catastrophe, this mismatch between the measured and theoretical values of vacuum energy is one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics. Written and Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Graphics by Kurt Ross Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang BITISM CoolAsCats David Nicklas Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Y2 Justin Lloyd Hypernova Edmund Fokschaner Max Levine Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Dykstra Chris Hicks Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Daniel Lyons Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell J Rejc Amy Jie Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Shannan Catalano Florian Stiglmayr Yubo Du Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Jessica Fraley Loro Lukic Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss

Support the show: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter All episodes: http://www.AskASpaceman.com Follow on Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter Like on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/PaulMattSutter Watch on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/PaulMSutter Go on an adventure: http://www.AstroTouring.com/ How does one become an astrophysicist? What are the challenges and rewards of that kind of career? Are there even any jobs? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman! Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, physics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Big thanks to my top Patreon supporters this month: Justin G., Matthew K., Kevin O., Justin R., Chris C., Helge B., Tim R., Nick T., Branea I., Lars H., Timothy G., Ray S., John F., James L., Anilavadhanula, Mark R., David B., and Silvan W.! Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain. Thanks to WCBE Radio for hosting the recording session, Greg Mobius for producing, and Cathy Rinella for editing. Hosted by Paul M. Sutter, astrophysicist at The Ohio State University, Chief Scientist at COSI Science Center, and the one and only Agent to the Stars (http://www.pmsutter.com).

Wanda Diaz-Merced studies the universe through sound. After losing her eyesight in early adulthood, she found a way to continue her work as an astrophysicist by converting scientific data into sound. ➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe ➡ Get More Short Film Showcase: http://bit.ly/ShortFilmShowcase About Short Film Showcase: The Short Film Showcase spotlights exceptional short videos created by filmmakers from around the web and selected by National Geographic editors. We look for work that affirms National Geographic's belief in the power of science, exploration, and storytelling to change the world. The filmmakers created the content presented, and the opinions expressed are their own, not those of National Geographic Partners. Know of a great short film that should be part of our Showcase? Email [email protected] to submit a video for consideration. See more from National Geographic's Short Film Showcase at http://documentary.com Get More National Geographic: Official Site: http://bit.ly/NatGeoOfficialSite Facebook: http://bit.ly/FBNatGeo Twitter: http://bit.ly/NatGeoTwitter Instagram: http://bit.ly/NatGeoInsta Through a process known as "sonification," Diaz-Merced listens to the stars to detect patterns in seemingly random astrophysical data. As she says, “If we only see with our eyes, our perception is very narrow.” In this short from Emic Films, blind astrophysicist Wanda Diaz-Merced explains her passion for listening to the music of the cosmos. Follow Emic Films http://www.emicfilms.com/ https://vimeo.com/emicfilms This Blind Astrophysicist 'Sees' the Universe in the Most Amazing Way | Short Film Showcase https://youtu.be/S8qMpohp23k National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/natgeo

Thanks to astronomer Edwin Hubble and others, scientists have known since 1929 that our universe is expanding. Its current rate of expansion is called Hubble’s Constant (H0). There are two leading ways to measure H0, and for fifteen years, they more or less agreed with one another. Not anymore, and that’s a big deal. Here’s why. In the “Standard Model of Cosmology,” H0 is a crucial ingredient, right up there with the speed of light. H0 factors into everything we know about the universe: how old it is, how big it is, what it’s made of... If H0 is ‘tweaked’, we get a different age of the universe, different relative amounts of matter, dark matter, dark energy, and so on. Unlike the speed of light, however, scientists can’t measure H0 in the laboratory. Instead, H0 has to be inferred from observations of the universe. One way scientists have measured H0 is to use observations of type 1a supernovae combined with their host galaxies redshifts. Each 1a supernova releases roughly the same amount of light when it explodes. Measuring the amount of light we receive from a 1a supernova tells us its distance. Measuring an object’s redshift, or its increase in wavelength, tells us how fast that object is moving away from Earth. Researchers use many 1a supernovae as distance markers, measuring objects in our local universe then moving out to get a measurement of the universe’s rate of expansion. The other H0 measurement technique looks at the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) -- the “afterglow” from the Big Bang itself. The early universe was hot and dense, light couldn’t travel freely through space. As the universe cooled, the photons were released. This radiation left an imprint, providing insights into the composition of the universe at that time. The CMB can be used to make measurements from the early universe such as the density of dark matter and dark energy. Those measurements can be combined with the model of the evolution of the universe, allowing researchers to infer the rate of expansion of the universe, or Hubble’s Constant. As these two camps have improved their abilities to measure H0, it has become clear that they disagree. A recent study using the first method yielded an 8% greater expansion rate than the second method’s result. Now scientists are asking: Are we missing something? Wendy Freedman, Sullivan professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Chicago says, “It could be that we don’t understand the uncertainties well enough to know why these two methods differ.” Freedman led a 2001 study using the Hubble Space Telescope to measure H0 via the first method, and is leading a new project to measure it more accurately. Another intriguing question: Is it incorrect to expect agreement in these measurements of H0? Maybe the Standard Model of Cosmology, which predicts agreement, is wrong. That would send researchers on an exciting search for a new model of the cosmos. “Do we really know what makes up all of the radiation in the Big Bang?” wonders Freedman. “Is there a new kind of particle we aren’t accounting for? Or are dark energy’s or dark matter’s properties changing over time? Over the next few years, researchers like Freedman will be trying to poke holes in how each method conducts its analysis -- before possibly invoking a revised model of cosmology. Credit: NASA science.nasa.gov.

SUBSCRIBE to Space with Sarah: http://tinyurl.com/k5wxw6x What’s the fate of our Universe? Will it expand forever, will it collapse on itself or will something completely different happen? And what will happen to all galaxies? In this episode of Space with Sarah, astrophysicist, Sarah, explains what current observations of our Universe tell us about the fate of our Universe. All Space with Sarah season 1 episodes now have Danish and English subtitles. Don’t forget to subscribe to the channel and post your comments and questions below. Thanks for watching! Creator: Sarah Pearson Producer: Brett Van Deusen Animator: Joshua Bogy Image credits: NASA Via Lactea II - Diemand et al. 2008, Nature Digital graphics by Morgan Mullen Episode music by Krychek: http://krychek.nyc Episode background: Via Lactea II simulation by Diemand, Kuhlen, Madau et al. 2008, Nature Intro graphics by Frederik Olufsen: http://thefrederik.com/portfolio/ Intro Music by Palm Tree Gang & Max Fail (courtesy of Riotville Records): https://soundcloud.com/riotville-records/palm-tree-gang-max-fail-chameleon-feat-anuka Sound design by Tim Korn Dungeon Beach: http://dungeonbeach.com/ Color correction: Jeff Sousa Partially supported by the National Science Foundation: NSF grant AST-1614743

How do you calculate infinite quantum outcomes? Feynman Diagrams. Get your first two months of Curiosity Stream for free by going https://curiositystream.com/spacetime and using the promo code “spacetime” at sign up. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: Feynman’s Infinite Quantum Paths https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE The equations of quantum field theory allow us to calculate the behaviour of subatomic particles by expressing them as vibrations in quantum fields. But even the most elegant and complete formulations of quantum physics – like the Dirac equation or Feynman’s path integral - become impossibly complicated when we try to use them on anything but the most simple systems. But physicists tend to interpret “that’s impossible” as “I dare you to try!” And try they did. First they expressed these impossible equations in approximate but solvable forms. Then they tackled the pesky infinities that kept appearing in these new, approximate equations. Finally, the entire mess was ordered into a system that mere humans could deal using the famous Feynman diagrams. Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Graphics by Kurt Ross Assistant Edit and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Comments answer by Matt: Christian Haas https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE&lc=z132vnrhvkq1d3wbi04cdvewopzqjhtidn40k Psy Kosh https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE&lc=z12evvsbtvahjprpx04cclc4nprifxdzwcc lohphat https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vSFRN-ymfgE&lc=z123gzmhdyezideg504chbuy2rnne1tjx5c Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats Shane Robinson David Nicklas Eugene Lawson Joshua Davis Quasar Tambe Barsbay Max Levine Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Josh Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Hypernova Chuck Zegar Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Joseph Salomone Martha Hunt Craig Peterson Prof. Dr. Kenneth Michael Beck Science Via Markets Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Peter Durocher Michael Kers Chris Hicks Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Justin Lloyd Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Conor Dillon Jared Moore Michal-Peanut Karmi Bernardo Higuera Erik Stein Daniel Lyons Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell J Rejc Amy Jie Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Shannan Catalano Florian Stinglmayr Yubo Du Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Jessica Fraley Loro Lukic Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss

Scientists announced July 6 at the European Physical Society Conference on High Energy Physics that a rare new kind of particle was unambiguously observed for the first time

Sponsored by Skillshare... 2-months free to first 500 people: http://www.skl.sh/Numberphile More links & stuff in full description below ↓↓↓ This video features Dr Tony Padilla from the University of Nottingham. Extra bit from this video: https://youtu.be/58L2Y0eDr3U See more of Tony talking physics on Sixty Symbols: https://www.youtube.com/sixtysymbols Planck: http://sci.esa.int/planck/ Numberphile is supported by the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute (MSRI): http://bit.ly/MSRINumberphile We are also supported by Science Sandbox, a Simons Foundation initiative dedicated to engaging everyone with the process of science. NUMBERPHILE Website: http://www.numberphile.com/ Numberphile on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/numberphile Numberphile tweets: https://twitter.com/numberphile Subscribe: http://bit.ly/Numberphile_Sub Videos by Brady Haran Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/numberphile Brady's videos subreddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/BradyHaran/ Brady's latest videos across all channels: http://www.bradyharanblog.com/ Sign up for (occasional) emails: http://eepurl.com/YdjL9 Notes from Tony on this video: 1. The numbers I use are based on Planck 2013 data. Data from the 2015 release exists but I chose the 2013 data since the precise calculation of the size of the universe has only been done explicitly in that case as per this paper: http://www.isaacpub.org/images/PaperPDF/AdAp_100039_2016122914005354452.pdf 2. Near the start I say I’m only considering fundamental particles with mass, and not, say, photons. Actually, I don’t count neutrinos either since they too are relativistic, and the precise results are model dependent to an extent. 3 (later addendum). Well done to anyone who spotted the fact that the 75:25% split between H and He ought to be by mass, and not by number of atoms, as in the video. I realised this mistake lying in bed on the night the video was released and kicked myself repeatedly! Very annoying. Anyway, correcting for this, we see that there actually ought to be 12 H atoms for each He atom, since the atom mass of He is 4, and the total atomic mass of 12 H atoms is 12=3x4. Following the same sort of logic as in the video, we find that there are 62=12x4+14 particles for 16=12+4 baryons. Thats means we should have multiplied by 62/16 rather than 26/7, and so our result should be corrected by a factor of 1.04, yielding closer to 3.4 x 10^80 particles. [Of course, no-one really worries about factors of 1.04 in cosmology :)]. The time to the "apocalyptic” end mentioned later in the video then changes by 3 to 4 years, which is anyway well within the rounding errors of the calculation.

How to predict the path of a quantum particle. Part 3 in our Quantum Field Theory Series. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: The First Quantum Field Theory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY There is a fundamental limit to the knowability of the universe. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle tells us that the more precisely we try to define one property, the less definable is its counterpart. Knowing a particle’s location perfectly means its velocity is unknowable. But unmeasured properties are not just uncertain; they are undefined. Quantum mechanics seems to imply that ALL possible properties, paths, or events that could reasonably occur between measurements DO occur. Whether or not this is true, a mathematical description of this crazy idea led to the most powerful expression of quantum mechanics ever devised: Richard Feynman’s path integral formulation. Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Graphics by Kurt Ross Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Comments answer by Matt: Satya Prakash https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY&lc=z12bv5hpgoyadn20522zfvo5eur2vftyy04 Jakub Mintal https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY&lc=z13pvhcyeyj1uzqxv04cejkbtsm1shfgkug0k The EEZZ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY&lc=z12bdbax0ymdgvqec23ps1pyovjuh3zv2 Lazarus The adventurer https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY&lc=z13pgd0z4uudt55fa22nthxykxilfbrcy ForTiorI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATcrrzJFtBY&lc=z123hrop2tmlhnx1l23fdznq4q24ft4iw04 Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats Shane Robinson David Nicklas Eugene Lawson Joshua Davis Quasar Tambe Barsbay Max Levine Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Hypernova Chuck Zegar Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Joseph Salomone Martha Hunt Craig Peterson Prof. Dr. Kenneth Michael Beck Science Via Markets Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Justin Lloyd Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Conor Dillon Jared Moore Michal-Peanut Karmi Bernardo Higuera Erik Stein Daniel Lyons Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell J Rejc Amy Jie Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Shannan Catalano Florian Stinglmayr Yubo Du Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Jessica Fraley Loro Lukic Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss

SUBSCRIBE to Space with Sarah: http://tinyurl.com/k5wxw6x Black holes are mysterious objects. They are so massive that even light cannot escape them! This makes them hard for astronomers to actually detect as we cannot *see them*. In this video astrophysicist, Sarah, explains how we can infer that a very massive black hole must exist at the center of our own galaxy, the Milky Way, based on the motions of stars in the center of our Galaxy. As it turns out, all massive galaxies seem to have super massive black holes at their centers. Please ask any questions you might have in the comment section. Creator: Sarah Pearson Producer: Brett Van Deusen Animator: Joshua Bogy Image credits: NASA Hubble NASA Spitzer ESO ESO/GAIA Steve Bowers Via Lactea II - Diemand et al. 2008, Nature Digital graphics by Morgan Mullen Episode music by Krychek: http://krychek.nyc Episode background: Via Lactea II simulation by Diemand, Kuhlen, Madau et al. 2008, Nature Intro graphics by Frederik Olufsen: http://thefrederik.com/portfolio/ Intro Music by Palm Tree Gang & Max Fail (courtesy of Riotville Records): https://soundcloud.com/riotville-records/palm-tree-gang-max-fail-chameleon-feat-anuka Sound design by Tim Korn Color correction: Jeff Sousa Partially supported by the National Science Foundation: NSF grant AST-1614743

I tried to break down the meaning of the equation in the most simple terms as possible. Hope it makes sense! Lemme know if you guys would like me to do a full breakdown of each part of the equation 🙂 Xoxo

I had the chance to attend two talks during the World Science Festival in New York City!! It was AMAZING!! And here's what I learned. Paper of physicists working on quantum teleportation: http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/09/big-step-quantum-teleportation-won-t-bring-us-any-closer-star-trek-here-s-why Thanks for watching!! xoxo

How do you visualize distant worlds that you can't see? A team of artists uses scientific data to imagine exoplanets and other astrophysical phenomena. The moon hanging in the night sky sent Robert Hurt’s mind into deep space -- to a region some 40 light years away, in fact, where seven Earth-sized planets crowded close to a dim, red sun. Hurt, a visualization scientist at Caltech’s IPAC center, was walking outside his home in Mar Vista, California, shortly after he learned of the discovery of these rocky worlds around a star called TRAPPIST-1 and got the assignment to visualize them. The planets had been revealed by NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope and ground-based observatories. “I just stopped dead in my tracks, and I just stared at it,” Hurt said in an interview. “I was imagining that could be, not our moon, but the next planet over – what it would be like to be in a system where you could look up and see continental features on the next planet.” So began a kind of inspirational avalanche. Hurt and his colleague, multimedia producer Tim Pyle, developed a series of arresting, photorealistic images of what the new system’s tightly packed planets might look like -- so tightly packed that they would loom large in each other’s skies. Their visions of the TRAPPIST-1 system would appear in leading news outlets around the world. Subscribe For More Videos Like This: http://www.youtube.com/user/ouramazingspace?sub_confirmation=1 See my latest videos : https://www.youtube.com/user/ouramazingspace/videos Bringing you the BEST Space and Astronomy videos online. Showcasing videos and images from the likes of NASA,ESA,Hubble etc. Join me on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/spaceisamazing Twitter: https://twitter.com/AmazingSpace2 Google+ : http://goo.gl/1WCBn9 Music by Keving Macleod http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/

Professor Michael Garrett is director of the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics in Manchester, England. Berkeley SETI Research Center sat down with him in May 2017 to talk about his research, including his involvement in SETI, and what it's like to be in charge of the world's third-largest steerable telescope. On May 31, the Breakthrough Initiatives announced a formal partnership with Jodrell Bank. BSRC is delighted to continue and strengthen collaboration with our friends and colleagues in Manchester.

SUBSCRIBE to Space with Sarah: http://tinyurl.com/k5wxw6x Have you ever wondered how black holes form? As an astrophysicist, Sarah often gets asked what black holes are, what's inside of them, what happens if you fall into them and if they are portals to other Universes. While some of these questions are still open and unsolved, we do know that there are different kinds of black holes: stellar mass black holes, intermediate mass black holes and super massive black holes which all form in different ways. Scientist are still working out the exact details of how this happens. In this video, Sarah explains how stellar mass black holes can form when a massive star explodes, which is one of the formation mechanisms of black holes that we understand fairly well, although current research is still being done on this very topic. Creator: Sarah Pearson Producer: Brett Van Deusen Animator: Joshua Bogy Image credits: Via Lactea II - Diemand et al. 2008, Nature https://i.ytimg.com/vi/MZXR9UdfYxo/hqdefault.jpg Paramount: http://cdn.hitfix.com/photos/5830540/InterstellarMatthew-McConaugheyLSParamount.jpg NASA, Hubble Digital graphics by Morgan Mullen Episode music by Krychek: http://krychek.nyc Episode background: Via Lactea II simulation by Diemand, Kuhlen, Madau et al. 2008, Nature Intro graphics by Frederik Olufsen: http://thefrederik.com/portfolio/ Intro Music by Palm Tree Gang & Max Fail (courtesy of Riotville Records): https://soundcloud.com/riotville-records/palm-tree-gang-max-fail-chameleon-feat-anuka Sound design by Tim Korn Dungeon Beach: http://dungeonbeach.com/ Color correction: Jeff Sousa Partially supported by the National Science Foundation: NSF grant AST-1614743

The theme for AbSciCon 2017 is “Diverse Life and its Detection on Different Worlds.” Mars and icy worlds in our solar system are increasingly recognized as habitable, even as increasing numbers of exoplanets in their stars’ habitable zones have been discovered. The focus is shifting from identification of habitable worlds, to detection of life on them. www.astrobiology.nasa.gov

From time immemorial humans have been charting the night sky to make sense of the cosmos—from the mapping of stars for navigation to today’s digital surveys of galaxies to understand dark matter. In this 60-minute-long presentation Dr. Priya Natarajan, author of the book “Mapping the Heavens,” recounts the evolution of celestial map-making and shows how maps literally track our ever evolving cosmic view. In particular, she discusses recent developments in our understanding of two invisible entities: dark matter and black holes. Dr. Natarajan is a theoretical astrophysicist at Yale University, interested in cosmology, gravitational lensing and black hole physics. Her research focuses on making dark matter maps of clusters of galaxies, the largest known repositories of dark matter.

According to Planetary Astrophysicist Dr. Natalie Hinkel, exploring outer space makes us realize all of the possibilities for galaxies, stars, planets -- even life. The basic elements created within stars, or the raw ingredients required for life on Earth, needed to be present at exactly the right times in order for humans to exist -- which is pretty empowering, when you think about it. Dr. Natalie Hinkel is a researcher at Vanderbilt University, studying the composition of nearby stars and how that may affect the make-up of planets orbiting those stars. She got her bachelor’s degree in physics and math at Oberlin College. Her work has brought to light a number of important (and technical) truths within the field, which she has sought to explain by leading multiple international collaborations. Natalie also observes planets that are outside of the solar system, or exo-planets, by using the Cerro Tololo Interamerican Telescope in Chile. She has studied exotic systems where planets. Her PhD is in Astrophysics from the School of Earth and Space Exploration, which combines the fields of geology, planetary science, and astronomy, at Arizona State University. Natalie has put together the largest catalog of element abundances measured in stars near to the Sun, called the Hypatia Catalog; it contains +65 elements in over 6000 stars: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lbYYcZtRiXE This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx

Neil deGrasse Tyson presents his new book "Astrophysics for People in a Hurry"at 92Y event. In the conversation he talks about the universe, dark matter, other dimensions, basic physics and more in his traditional entertaining way.

Do you want to know what the doppler effect is? Well if you do you’re in the right place! In this episode of ‘EXPLAINED!' David explains just that! --- Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/AstroFocus_ Subscribe to AstroFocus: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow Share this video: https://youtu.be/-u5uRTICG9Q --- Videos used: An ambulance going by: https://youtu.be/8NAk3cagVmc Formula One Car: https://youtu.be/qvWxhhi0_yk Rocket: https://youtu.be/zyq5eN9C4Cc Galaxy: https://youtu.be/0La58bUNNzQ --- Music used: STRANGER THINGS - Main Theme (LUNAR Remix) https://youtu.be/pab-OqBIKJk --- Hopefully, after watching this video, you now know what the doppler effect is!

For this video I wanted to discuss TORQUE! I was inspired by some ballet that I've been doing lately and wanted to elaborate on what causes a ballerina to turn 360 degrees, and where we see torque and angular momentum in our universe. Thanks for watching guys! xoxo

When black holes collide, the energy of the event generates intense gravitational waves. These waves were predicted by Einstein in his theories, but scientists have only recently been able to detect them experimentally. In this SciCafe, Barnard College professor and astronomer Janna Levin shares her scientific research on the first recordings of a gravitational wave from the collision of two black holes 1.3 billion years ago. This lecture took place at the Museum on December 7, 2016. To learn about upcoming SciCafe events, visit amnh.org/scicafe. To listen to the full lecture, download the podcast here: http://www.amnh.org/explore/news-blogs/podcasts/scicafe-when-black-holes-collide The SciCafe series is proudly sponsored by Judy and Josh Weston. This video and all media incorporated herein (including text, images, and audio) are the property of the American Museum of Natural History or its licensors, all rights reserved. The Museum has made this video available for your personal, educational use. You may not use this video, or any part of it, for commercial purposes, nor may you reproduce, distribute, publish, prepare derivative works from, or publicly display it without the prior written consent of the Museum. © American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY

Nov. 2, 2016 Dr. Lynn Cominsky (Sonoma State University) Gravitational waves are predicted by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. They travel at the speed of light, but are much harder to detect than light waves. On September 14, 2015, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) received the first direct gravitational wave signals. The event that produced them was the merger of two distant and massive black holes that were in mutual orbit. Prof. Cominsky presents an introduction to LIGO, to gravitational waves and how they were detected, and to the kinds of black holes that "make waves."

Stream Episodes on demand from www.bitesz.com or www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com (both mobile friendly) *Cool theory on galaxy formation A new study claims some of the most massive galaxies in the universe are generated by giant cosmic clouds of cold gas condensing as stars rather than forming in hot, violent mergers. The surprise findings contradict existing hypothesis that giant galaxies are formed through a process of merging. *New clues about the first stars in the universe Astronomers studying some of the oldest stars in the Milky Way galaxy are getting new clues about the very first stars that existed in the universe. The findings are based on observations of a sub class of second generation carbon poor stars in the galactic halo. *Cassini beams back first images from new orbit NASA's Saturn-orbiting Cassini spacecraft has made its first close dive past the outer edges of Saturn's rings since beginning its penultimate mission phase. Cassini crossed through the plane of Saturn's rings at a distance of just 91,000 kilometres above the gas giant’s cloud tops. *Turkey’s first spy satellite launched Turkey’s first spy satellite has been successfully placed into orbit aboard an Arianespace Vega rocket launched from the European Space Agency’s Kourou spaceport in French Guiana. The mission was the eighth successful flight for the Vega four stage rocket. *China launches its new Sky Link satellite China has launched a Long March 3C rocket carrying the fourth Tianlian 1 Sky Link data relay satellite into orbit. The 87 metre tall rocket lifted off from the Xichang satellite launch centre in Sichuan province heading towards the Pacific Ocean. For Enhanced Show Notes, including photos to accompany this episode: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetime-show-notes RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss NEW: The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list For more, follow SpaceTime on Facebook, twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, Google+ and Clammr: Facebook: @spacetimewithstuartgary twitter: @stuartgary Tumblr: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/ Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/2/collection/cabtNB Clammr: http://www.clammr.com/app/spacetime If you're enjoying SpaceTime, please help out by sharing and telling your friends. The best recommendation I can get is one from you. Thank you...

Astronomers using ESO’s Very Large Telescope have discovered a gas cloud with several times the mass of the Earth accelerating towards the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. This is the first time ever that the approach of such a doomed cloud to a supermassive black hole has been observed. This Video News Release shows the new results and includes spectacular simulations of how the cloud will break up over the next few years. Learn more about BLACK HOLES at http://www.spacetv.net/black-holes/ Credit: ESO.

Researchers using NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope have discovered the first gamma-ray pulsar in a galaxy other than our own. The object sets a new record for the most luminous gamma-ray pulsar known. The pulsar lies in the outskirts of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a small galaxy that orbits our Milky Way and is located 163,000 light-years away. The Tarantula Nebula is the largest, most active and most complex star-formation region in our galactic neighborhood. It was identified as a bright source of gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light, early in the Fermi mission. Astronomers initially attributed this glow to collisions of subatomic particles accelerated in the shock waves produced by supernova . However, the discovery of gamma-ray pulses from a previously known pulsar named PSR J0540-6919 shows that it is responsible for roughly half of the gamma-ray brightness previously thought to come from the nebula. Gamma-ray pulses from J0540-6919 have 20 times the intensity of the previous record-holder, the pulsar in the famous Crab Nebula. Yet they have roughly similar levels of radio, optical and X-ray emission. Accounting for these differences will guide astronomers to a better understanding of the extreme physics at work in young pulsars. Learn more about Pulsars at http://www.spacetv.net/pulsars/ Learn more about Neutron Stars at http://www.spacetv.net/neutron-stars/ Learn more about Stars at http://www.spacetv.net/stars/ Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

An international team of astronomers exploring the disk of gas and dust the bright star Beta Pictoris have uncovered a compact cloud of poisonous gas formed by ongoing rapid-fire collisions among a swarm of icy, comet-like bodies. The researchers suggest the comet swarm may be frozen debris trapped and concentrated by the gravity of an as-yet-unseen planet. Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile, astronomers mapped millimeter-wavelength light from dust and carbon monoxide (CO) molecules in a disk surrounding the star. Learn more about Exoplanets at http://www.spacetv.net/exoplanets/ This video is public domain and can be downloaded at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Music: "Halos" by Lars Leonhard, courtesy of the artist and Ultimae Records. www.lars-leonhard.de www.ultimae.com

In 2015–2016, the Next in Science series focused on frontiers in astronomy and astrophysics. Scholars discussed new interdisciplinary research on what the structure of the universe tells us about particle interactions, gravitational waves from circling black holes, magnetic fields in intergalactic space, and the possibility of life on exoplanets. “Deciphering the Early Universe: Connecting Theory with Observations” (6:15) Cora Dvorkin, Shutzer Assistant Professor, Radcliffe Institute, and assistant professor of physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University “Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Gravitational Waves* *But Were Afraid to Ask” (39:52) Salvatore Vitale, research scientist, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Introductions by John Huth, faculty codirector of the science program, Radcliffe Institute, and Donner Professor of Science, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University The Next in Science series provides an opportunity for early-career scientists whose innovative, cross-disciplinary research is thematically linked to introduce their work to one another, to fellow scientists, and to nonspecialists from Harvard and the greater Boston area.

The James Webb Space Telescope will be the largest telescope ever sent into space. It is the result of efforts from NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency and will peer to the edges of the visible universe. This video highlights some of the Webb’s most impressive facts. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Sophia Roberts Music: Expanding Time and Space by Daniel jay Nielsen This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12395 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

Thousands of people, for almost two decades, accomplished the construction of the telescope element of the largest space telescope ever created. The optical and science segment of the James Webb Space Telescope stands complete in one of the largest cleanrooms in the world, located at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Michael McClare This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12409 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

Astronomers using observations from NASA's Kepler and Swift missions have discovered a group of rapidly spinning stars that produce X-rays at more than 100 times the peak levels ever seen from the sun. The stars, which spin so fast they've been squashed into pumpkin-like shapes, are thought to be the result of close binary systems where two sun-like stars merge. The 18 stars rotate in just a few days, on average, compared to the sun's nearly one month rotation. Their rapid rotation greatly amplifies the same kind of activity we see on the sun, such as sunspots and solar flares, resulting in enhanced X-ray output. The most extreme member of the group, a K-type orange giant dubbed KSw 71, is more than 10 times larger than the sun, rotates in just 5.5 days, and produces X-ray emission 4,000 times greater than the sun does at solar maximum. These rare stars were found as part of an X-ray survey of the original Kepler field of view. From 2009 to 2013, Kepler measured the brightness of more than 150,000 stars in a single patch of the sky to detect the regular dimming from planets passing in front of their host stars. The mission was immensely successful and continues on as the K2 mission, studying other parts of the sky. Because the original field has been studied so well by Kepler and other missions, it is now one of the best-known parts of the sky. Astronomers decided to observe portions of the field using the X-ray and ultraviolet/optical telescopes on Swift to find X-ray sources that Kepler may have observed in visible light. The Kepler-Swift Active Galaxies and Stars Survey (KSwAGS) found 93 sources, half of which are active galaxies, where a central black hole drives the emissions. The other half are various types of X-ray stars, including the 18 "pumpkin" stars. Forty years ago, Ronald Webbink at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign noted that close binary systems cannot survive once the fuel supply of one star dwindles and it starts to enlarge. The stars coalesce to form a single rapidly spinning star initially residing in a so-called "excretion" disk formed by gas thrown out during the merger. The disk dissipates over the next 100 million years, leaving behind a very active, rapidly spinning star. The KSwAGS pumpkin stars are thought to have shed their disks recently, which means Kepler and Swift have caught them at the end of a very brief evolutionary phase. Read more: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-missions-harvest-a-passel-of-pumpkin-stars Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger, producer Music: "Electric Cosmos" from Killer Tracks This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12399 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1 Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic WHAT ARE BROWN DWARFS? Hello Everyone! Welcome to OUR Universe! If you've enjoyed the video... click the LIKE button! If you want to support the channel... click the SUBSCRIBE button! OUTRO: 1. WHAT IS... A BLACK HOLE? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jn3AjzyxCQc&ab_channel=Astronomic 2. CAN A PLANET HAVE TWO SUNS? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2JzyHNIXapU&ab_channel=Astronomic 3. 6 MORE GALAXIES IN OUR UNIVERSE! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBI8GNK2cls&ab_channel=Astronomic Thanks for Watching! Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1

Using data from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope and other facilities, scientists have found the first gamma-ray binary in another galaxy and the most luminous one ever seen. The dual-star system, dubbed LMC P3, contains a massive star and a crushed stellar core that interact to produce a cyclic flood of gamma rays, the highest-energy form of light. Gamma-ray binaries are rare -- only six are known in our own galaxy, and one remains undetected by Fermi. The systems are prized because their gamma-ray output changes significantly during each orbit and sometimes over longer time scales. This variation lets astronomers study many of the emission processes common to other gamma-ray sources in unique detail. The systems contain either a neutron star or a black hole and radiate most of their energy in the form of gamma rays. Remarkably, LMC P3 is the most luminous such system known in gamma rays, X-rays, radio waves and visible light, and it's only the second one discovered with Fermi. LMC P3 lies within a supernova remnant located in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), a small nearby galaxy about 163,000 light-years away. In 2012, scientists using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory found a strong X-ray source within the remnant and showed that it was orbiting a hot, young star many times the sun's mass. The researchers concluded the compact object was either a neutron star or a black hole and classified the system as a high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB). In 2015, a team led by Robin Corbet at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center began looking for new gamma-ray binaries in Fermi data by searching for the periodic changes characteristic of these systems. The scientists discovered a 10.3-day cyclic change centered near one of several gamma-ray point sources recently identified in the LMC. One of them, called P3, was not linked to objects seen at any other wavelengths but was located near the HMXB. Were they the same object? Observations from NASA's Swift satellite clearly reveal the same 10.3-day cycle seen in gamma rays by Fermi. They also indicate that the brightest X-ray emission occurs opposite the gamma-ray peak, so when one reaches maximum the other is at minimum. Radio data exhibit the same period and out-of-phase relationship with the gamma-ray peak, confirming that LMC P3 is indeed the same system investigated by Chandra. Prior to Fermi's launch, gamma-ray binaries were expected to be more numerous than they've turned out to be. It's a puzzle because hundreds of HMXBs are cataloged, and all of them are thought to have originated as gamma-ray binaries following the supernova that formed the compact object. Its possible gamma-ray binaries may form only from neutron stars born with the fastest spins, which would enhance their ability to produce gamma rays. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space flight Center/Scott Wiessenger The music is Celestial Search from Killer Tracks. Read more at: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasas-fermi-finds-record-breaking-binary-in-galaxy-next-door This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12376 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope took direct ultraviolet images of the icy moon Europa transiting across the disk of Jupiter. Out of ten observations, Hubble saw what may be water vapor plumes on three of the images. This adds another piece of supporting evidence to the existence of water vapor plumes on Europa - Hubble also detected spectroscopic signatures of water vapor in 2012. The existence of water vapor plumes could provide a future Europa flyby mission the opportunity to study the conditions and habitability of Europa's subsurface ocean. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Katrina Jackson Music: "Next Generation" by Enrico Cacace [BMI]; Atmosphere Music Ltd PRS; Volta Music; Killer Tracks Production Music For more information: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-hubble-spots-possible-water-plumes-erupting-on-jupiters-moon-europa Read the science paper at http://hubblesite.org/pubinfo/pdf/2016/33/pdf.pdf This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12375 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

Ilya Mandel - University of Birmingham Introduction by James Guillochon

WFIRST, the Wide Field InfraRed Survey Telescope, is a NASA observatory designed to settle essential questions in the areas of dark energy, exoplanets, and infrared astrophysics. The telescope has a primary mirror that is 2.4 meters in diameter (7.9 feet), and is the same size as the Hubble Space Telescope's primary mirror. WFIRST will have two instruments, the Wide Field Instrument, and the Coronagraph Instrument. The Wide Field Instrument will have a field of view that is 100 times greater than the Hubble infrared instrument, capturing more of the sky with less observing time. As the primary instrument, the Wide Field Instrument will measure light from a billion galaxies over the course of the mission lifetime. It will perform a microlensing survey of the inner Milky Way to find ~2,600 exoplanets. The Coronagraph Instrument will perform high contrast imaging and spectroscopy of dozens of individual nearby exoplanets. WFIRST is designed for a 6 year mission, and will launch on a EELV out of Cape Canaveral. More info: http://wfirst.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/11553 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

Hubble is more than a science spacecraft; it’s a cultural phenomenon! Visit nasa.gov/hubble for more information on how you can share your images of Hubble in everyday life on social media with the hashtag #SpotHubble. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Katrina Jackson Music credit: "Lions and Lambs" by Jordan Baum, Michael McNamara, Nicholas Furlong, and Travis Margis - Killer Tracks BMI and Soundcast Music SESAC For more information: https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/2016/spothubble This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12323 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

In celebration of Star Trek's new movie and 50th anniversary, the Hubble Space Telescope is sharing its newest Frontier Field image, which uses a clever trick from nature to boldly observe what no telescope has observed before. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Katrina Jackson Music caption: "To the Top I Climb" by Alvin West, David Travis Edwards, Joshua McDonnell, and Michael Wagner - Killer Tracks BMI and Soundcast Music SESAC For more information: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-s-hubble-looks-to-the-final-frontier This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12324 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

On May 4th, 2016, the Hubble Space Telescope made the first spectroscopic measurements of two of the three known Earth-sized exoplanets in the TRAPPIST-1 system just 40 light-years away. Music credit: "Feels Good" by Louise Dowd and Stephen William Cornish, Atmosphere Music Ltd, Killer Tracks Production Music If you like this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/goddardtv Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Katrina Jackson Press release: http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-hubble-telescope-makes-first-atmospheric-study-of-earth-sized-exoplanets Science paper: http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.01103 This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12319 Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center on: Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC Twitter: https://twitter.com/NASAGoddard https://twitter.com/NASAGoddardPix Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ Google+: https://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

Measurements of unprecedented detail returned by Japan's Hitomi satellite have allowed scientists to track the motion of X-ray-emitting gas at the heart of the Perseus cluster of galaxies for the first time. The results showcase the long-awaited premiere of a next-generation X-ray instrument whose key components were developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Led by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Hitomi was launched on Feb. 17. Following the successful activation of the observatory and instruments, Hitomi suffered a mission-ending spacecraft anomaly on March 26. Before its demise, though, Hitomi was able to peer into the Perseus cluster of galaxies, an assemblage of thousands of galaxies bound together by gravity. Located about 240 million light-years away and named for its host constellation, the Perseus galaxy cluster contains a vast amount of extremely hot gas. At temperatures averaging 90 million degrees Fahrenheit (50 million degrees Celsius), the gas glows brightly in X-rays. Prior to Hitomi's launch, astronomers lacked the capability to measure the detailed dynamics of this gas, particularly its relationship to bubbles of gas expelled by an active supermassive black hole in the cluster's core galaxy, NGC 1275. For the first time, thanks to Hitomi's revolutionary Soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS), an instrument developed and built by Goddard scientists working closely with colleagues from several institutions in the United States, Japan, and the Netherlands, astronomers have mapped the motion of X-ray-emitting gas in a cluster of galaxies and shown it moves at cosmically modest speeds. The total range of gas velocities directed toward or away from Earth within the area observed by Hitomi was found to be about 365,000 miles an hour (590,000 kilometers per hour) -- enormous by human standards but surprisingly modest on cosmic scales. The observed velocity range indicates that turbulence is responsible for only about 4 percent of the total gas pressure. This result is of particular interest to astrophysicists. Turbulent pressure was a previously unmeasured quantity that could significantly impact estimates of the cluster's mass. The SXS measurements show that only minor corrections are needed. The Perseus observation provides a tantalizing glimpse of the tremendous advance that X-ray microcalorimetry will bring to astrophysics. U.S. researchers pioneered development of the technology in the 1980s, but Hitomi's all-too-brief run represents its most successful space application to date. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Music: "Natural Awe" and "To the Tower" from Killer Tracks Read more: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/hitomi-mission-charts-hot-winds-of-a-galaxy-cluster-for-the-first-time This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12297 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

Some 3.9 billion years ago in the heart of a distant galaxy, the tidal pull of a monster black hole shredded a star that wandered too close. X-rays produced in this event first reached Earth on March 28, 2011, when they were detected by NASA's Swift satellite. Within days, scientists concluded that the outburst, now known as Swift J1644+57, represented both the tidal disruption of a star and the sudden flare-up of a previously inactive black hole. Now astronomers using archival observations from Swift, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton observatory and the Japan-led Suzaku satellite have identified the reflections of X-ray flares erupting during the event. Led by Erin Kara, a postdoctoral researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and the University of Maryland, College Park, the team has used these light echoes, or reverberations, to map the flow of gas near a newly awakened black hole for the first time. Swift J1644+57 is one of only three tidal disruptions that have produced high-energy X-rays, and to date it remains the only event caught at the peak of this emission. While astronomers don't yet understand what causes flares near the black hole, when one occurs they can detect its echo a couple of minutes later as its light washes over structures in the developing accretion disk. The technique, called X-ray reverberation mapping, has been used before to explore stable disks around black holes, but this is time it has been applied to a newly formed disk produced by a tidal disruption. Swift J1644+57's accretion disk was thicker, more turbulent and more chaotic than stable disks, which have had time to settle down into an orderly routine. One surprise is that high-energy X-rays arise from the innermost regions of the disk instead of a narrow jet of accelerated particles, as originally thought. The researchers estimate the black hole has a mass about a million times that of the sun. They expect future improvements in understanding and modeling accretion flows will allow them to measure the black hole's spin using this data. Music:" The Orion Arm" and "Particle Acceleration," both from Killer Tracks. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger Read more: http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/x-ray-echoes-of-a-shredded-star-provide-close-up-of-killer-black-hole This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12265 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

LISA Pathfinder, a mission led by the European Space Agency (ESA) with contributions from NASA, has successfully tested a key technology needed to build a space-based observatory for detecting gravitational waves. These tiny ripples in the fabric of space, predicted by Albert Einstein a century ago, were first seen last year by the ground-based Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO). Seismic, thermal, and other noise sources limit LIGO to higher-frequency gravitational waves around 100 cycles per second (hertz). But finding signals from more exotic events, such as mergers of supermassive black holes in colliding galaxies, requires the ability to see frequencies at 1 hertz or less, a sensitivity level only possible from space. A space-based observatory would work by tracking test masses that move only under the influence of gravity. Each spacecraft would gently fly around its test masses without disturbing them, a process called drag-free flight. The primary goal of ESA's LISA Pathfinder mission is to test current technology by flying around an identical pair of 1.8-inch (46 millimeter) cubes made of a gold-platinum alloy, a material chosen for its high density and insensitivity to magnetic fields. Scientists say the results are nothing short of astonishing. Non-gravitational forces on the cubes were reduced to levels far below the project's original requirements and approach the level of control needed for a full-scale observatory. The test masses are housed in an experiment called the LISA Technology Package (LTP), which was built by a consortium of European national space agencies and ESA. The LTP uses a high-resolution laser interferometer to determine the positions of the test masses and relays the information to the spacecraft's Drag-Free and Attitude Control System, which then applies minute bursts from microthrusters. In this way, the spacecraft flies in formation with the cubes and isolates them from external forces. The results show that LISA Pathfinder reduced non-gravitational forces on the test masses to a level about 10,000 times smaller than drag-free control technologies used on previous science missions. LISA Pathfinder also carries a NASA experiment called the ST-7 Disturbance Reduction System which is expected to begin science operations in early July. LISA Pathfinder was launched on Dec. 3, 2015, and began orbiting a point called Earth-sun L1, roughly 930,000 miles (1.5 million kilometers) from Earth in the sun's direction, in late January 2016. LISA stands for Laser Interferometer Space Antenna, a space-based gravitational wave observatory concept that has been studied in great detail by both NASA and ESA. The LISA Pathfinder mission is an ESA-led effort to demonstrate technologies for a future gravitational wave observatory in space. NASA Goddard astrophysicist Ira Thorpe, a member of the team, discusses the mission and its spectacular results so far. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center/Scott Wiessinger This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12264 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts