China’s Moon rocks reveal puzzlingly persistent volcanic eruptions | 嫦娥五号月壤揭示月球火山活动历史
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00:00 A brief history of lunar exploration
00:32 The origin and geological evolution of the moon
02:23 The geological age gap that Chang'e-5 expected to fill
02:48 A brief review of Chang'e-5 mission
04:20 4 new papers published on Science and Nature
04:36 Chang'e-5 samples are ~1 billion years younger, indicating a younger volcanic moon
04:58 The importance for studying other rocky objects in solar system
05:58 Origin of longer volcanism on the moon, KREEP hypothesis excluded
07:07 Higher water content hypothesis excluded
07:30 New question on the driving force of volcanism on the moon
08:00 International collaborations are needed for space exploration
All of the volcanic rocks collected by Apollo were radiometrically dated older than 3 billion years. And all the rocks from young impact craters have been determined younger than 1 billion years. However, we know less about what happened to the moon in the age gap between 3 billion years and 1 billions. Chang'e-5 mission has set the goal to fill this critical gap. The 1,731 grams of drilled and scooped lunar material will help to reveal more insights of the moon's geological history. In the past two weeks, the studies led by Institute of Geology of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences have produced 4 high-impact papers published in Science and Nature journals. The results not only refreshed our knowledge of the moon’s geological history, but also proposed new questions.
By analyzing the lead isotope ratios of the samples, the researchers found the samples are about 2 billion years old, that is about 1 billion years younger than volcanic samples returned by Apollo missions. Now we can surely say the moon is still geologically active 2 billion years ago. The finding not only sheds light on the history of the moon, but its importance also extends to other rocky planets in the solar system. The new data can improve the accuracy of the predictions by crater statistics. The updated model can then be used to date unsampled surfaces on the moon, and as well other planetary bodies that are hard to reach.
Besides the age, we also need to know what is the source that supports the volcanic activities to a longer time. One hypothesis is this region is rich in potassium, rare earth elements, and phosphorus, which in combination called KREEP, which can provide sustaining heat from radioactive elements. Surprisingly, the samples only have a modest KREEP component, far below what is predicted from the model based on Apollo samples. Thus, these results strongly suggest that the idea of KREEP-induced heating for the generation of these youngest lunar magmas requires further investigation or the consideration of other mechanisms.
Another theory is higher content of water in the mantle significantly reduced its melting pointing, so less amount of heat was needed for the volcanic activities. After analyzing the samples, researchers derived a maximum water abundance that is notably at the lower end of that derived from Apollo basalts and lunar meteorites, indicating a dry lunar mantle that lacks a reservoir to lower its melting point. By excluding the two major mechanisms, the question is raised on what the actual driving force of the sustained volcanic activity of the moon is. The authors propose to consider alternative explanations such as tidal heating or a distinct source mineralogy supporting lower melting temperature of the mantle.
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Materials credit: NASA, CNSA, Wikipedia, Nature, Science, Google Earth
Links to the papers:
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abl7957
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04100-2
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04119-5
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-04107-9
#Moon #LunarSample #嫦娥五号 #Volcano #CNSA
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[email protected]2020/12/18 What can be learned from the lunar samples brought by Chang'e-5?
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China's Chang'e-5 lunar probe returned to Earth, without a hitch, on Thursday morning. The probe spent 23 days in space and brought home soil and rock samples from the moon. The samples will be used for space research. They are the first to be collected from the moon in more than 40 years, after the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Chinese President Xi Jinping congratulated the Chang'e-5 team for the mission accomplished. The mission was a lot of firsts for China, including the first lunar surface sampling and sealing, first lift-off from the moon, first rendezvous and docking in lunar orbit, and the first spacecraft carrying samples to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere. Its success bodes well for China's three-step lunar exploration program, which began in 2004, of orbiting, landing, and bringing samples back to Earth. What can be learned from the lunar samples? What's next for China's space missions? And what's the significance of the Chang'e-5 success for space exploration?
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The China National Space Administration has announced the Chang’e 5 returner module is set to land in Mongolia later today. On board are around two kilograms of moon rocks and dust. The mission has made China the first country to have retrieved these samples since the 1970s. And for the Chinese government it’s also way of showing the world how advanced it is, when it comes to space exploration. Michael Hartlep has the details.
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[email protected]Chang'e-5 orbiter-returner enters moon-Earth transfer orbit
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