COSMIC RAYS

Meet Cosmic Ray Energetics And Mass for the International Space Station (ISS-CREAM), an experiment designed to provide an unprecedented look at cosmic ray particles approaching energies of 1,000 trillion electron volts (1 PeV). ISS-CREAM detects these particles when they slam into the matter making up its instruments. They can distinguish electrons, protons and atomic nuclei as massive as iron as they crash through the detector stack. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center This video is public domain and may be downloaded at: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12679 Read more: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/new-mission-going-to-the-space-station-to-explore-mysteries-of-cosmic-rain

Visit http://science.nasa.gov/ for more. The cosmic ray detector known as CREAM is headed for the International Space Station, with a goal of measuring the highest energy possible for direct measurement of high-energy cosmic rays. New Mission Going to the Space Station to Explore Mysteries of 'Cosmic Rain': https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/new-mission-going-to-the-space-station-to-explore-mysteries-of-cosmic-rain

Subscribe to Naked Science – http://goo.gl/wpc2Q1 Every other Wednesday we present a new video, so join us to see the truth laid bare... During spaceflight we encounter the most deadly enemy of them all, radiation. Cosmic rays are immensely high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. Naked Science discovers the challenges humankind will have to overcome to journey to distant stars. One day we may face no choice but to leave Earth, forced by an ice age, pollution, or a meteorite, to find a new home elsewhere in the galaxy. The difficulties are daunting, humans evolved to live on Earth, not in space. Clip taken from the Naked Science documentary “Spacemen”. Watch it here – http://youtu.be/iufM_-aKxDM

Subatomic particles with a charge can mess with your phone's circuitry. Learn more about this story at www.newsy.com/67207/ Find more videos like this at www.newsy.com Follow Newsy on Facebook: www.facebook.com/newsyvideos Follow Newsy on Twitter: www.twitter.com/newsyvideos

Some astronauts have reported the same specific symptoms: they see mysterious flashes of light out of the corner of their eyes. What causes those bizarre phenomena, and how does it affect astronauts? Learn more about Cherenkov Radiation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Kf2f_9MfPc Want more SciShow in person? We'll be at NerdCon: Nerdfighteria in Boston on February 25th and 26th! For more information, go to http://www.nerdconnerdfighteria.com/ Hosted by: Reid Reimers ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters—we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shoutout to Kevin Bealer, Mark Terrio-Cameron, KatieMarie Magnone, Patrick Merrithew, Charles Southerland, Fatima Iqbal, Benny, Kyle Anderson, Tim Curwick, Scott Satovsky Jr, Will and Sonja Marple, Philippe von Bergen, Bella Nash, Bryce Daifuku, Chris Peters, Patrick D. Ashmore, Charles George, Bader AlGhamdi ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: https://futurism.com/seeing-cosmic-rays-2/ http://www.nature.com/news/cosmic-rays-originate-from-supernova-shockwaves-1.12436 http://www.space.com/32644-cosmic-rays.html http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/ask/q525.html http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/cherenkov.html http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v230/n5295/abs/230522a0.html http://www.jstor.org/stable/1730913 http://www.space.com/33948-van-allen-radiation-belts.html http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(06)70695-7/abstract http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00417-002-0489-4 http://people.roma2.infn.it/~morselli/A58Sileye.pdf https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19720018401.pdf https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/137.html Image Sources: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crshower2_nasa.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Van_Allen_Belts.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cherenkov_radiation#/media/File:RA6cab.jpg

A new study using observations from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope reveals the first clear-cut evidence that the expanding debris of exploded stars produces some of the fastest-moving matter in the universe. This discovery is a major step toward meeting one of Fermi's primary mission goals. Cosmic rays are subatomic particles that move through space at nearly the speed of light. About 90 percent of them are protons, with the remainder consisting of electrons and atomic nuclei. In their journey across the galaxy, the electrically charged particles become deflected by magnetic fields. This scrambles their paths and makes it impossible to trace their origins directly. Through a variety of mechanisms, these speedy particles can lead to the emission of gamma rays, the most powerful form of light and a signal that travels to us directly from its sources. Two supernova remnants, known as IC 443 and W44, are expanding into cold, dense clouds of interstellar gas. This material emits gamma rays when struck by high-speed particles escaping the remnants. Scientists have been unable to ascertain which particle is responsible for this emission because cosmic-ray protons and electrons give rise to gamma rays with similar energies. Now, after analyzing four years of data, Fermi scientists see a gamma-ray feature from both remnants that, like a fingerprint, proves the culprits are protons. When cosmic-ray protons smash into normal protons, they produce a short-lived particle called a neutral pion. The pion quickly decays into a pair of gamma rays. This emission falls within a specific band of energies associated with the rest mass of the neutral pion, and it declines steeply toward lower energies. Detecting this low-end cutoff is clear proof that the gamma rays arise from decaying pions formed by protons accelerated within the supernova remnants. This video is public domain and can be downloaded at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/goto?11209 Like our videos? Subscribe to NASA's Goddard Shorts HD podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Or find NASA Goddard Space Flight Center on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC Or find us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard

Dr J (Dr Jasmina) is an astronomer and lecturer at the School of Physics and Astronomy explains the connection between cosmic rays, the most energetic particles in the Universe, and supernova remnants (SNRs). Supernova remnants are very likely responsible for creating lower-energy cosmic rays. Active Galactive Nuclei (ie, massive black holes in the centre of active galaxies) are also linked to cosmic rays with higher energies. Image credits (in order of appearance) and extra info: Cosmic ray shower, artist's impression. Credit: ASPERA network The magnetic field along the Galactic plane. Credit: ESA/Planck Collaboration. Acknowledgment: M.-A. Miville-Deschênes, CNRS – Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-XI, Orsay, France http://www.esa.int/spaceinimages/Images/2014/12/The_magnetic_field_along_the_Galactic_plane Supernova 1987A before and after. Credit: Australian Astronomical Observatory http://oldweb.aao.gov.au/images/captions/aat050.html SNR Cassiopeia A. Credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO; Optical: NASA/STScI; Infrared: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Steward/O.Krause et al. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2005/casa/ Kepler SNR. Credit: NASA https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_219.html SNR N49. Credit: X-ray: (NASA/CXC/Penn State/S.Park et al.); Optical: NASA/STScI/UIUC/Y.H.Chu & R.Williams et al http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2010/n49/ SNR E0102-72. Credit: X-ray (NASA/CXC/SAO); optical (NASA/HST); radio: (ACTA) Cygnus loop SNR (Veil nebula) in ultraviolet. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech SNR B0509-67.5 Credit: Chandra, NASA, ESA, the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA), and NASA/CXC/SAO/J. Hughes SN1006 in X-rays. Credit: Koyama et al., Nature, 378, 255, 1995 http://www-cr.scphys.kyoto-u.ac.jp/research/xray/xray-e.html#SN1006 https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/objects/heapow/archive/nebulae/asca_sn1006.html http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/satellites/archive/asca_sn1006.html VERITAS TeV gamma-ray count map of the region around Tycho's SNR, overlaid with X-ray emission from the SNR (black contours) and showing surrounding molecular clouds (magenta lines). Credit: Acciari et al., the Astrophysical Journal 730, L20, 2011 http://veritas.sao.arizona.edu/veritas-science/veritas-results-mainmenu-72/271-could-we-put-in-a-journal-reference-here- How to make a Cloud Chamber (Cosmic Ray Detector) https://youtu.be/_qbYvZ-Op4M Mars with thicker atmosphere in the past and with the current, thinner atmosphere. Credit: NASA/GSFC http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/wetmars_drymars.jpg Mars rover Curiosity. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/radiationdetectors/rad/ http://www.sci-news.com/space/science-mars-radiation-measurements-surface-01629.html What are AGNs? http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/active_galaxies2.html

Cosmic rays are immensely high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. Upon impact with the Earth's atmosphere, cosmic rays can produce showers of secondary particles that sometimes reach the surface. Composed primarily of high-energy protons and atomic nuclei, they are of mysterious origin. keywords: Cosmic ray, Cosmic Rays, What Are Cosmic Rays?, What is a cosmic ray?, Do planets emit cosmic rays?, Are cosmic rays electromagnetic radiation?, Where do cosmic rays come from?, Cosmic Rays Definition Video, What can we learn from ultrahigh energy cosmic rays?. CBSE Class 12 Physics, CBSE class 12 , Class +2 Physics AIIMS questions and answers, CMC-Vellore questions and answers, CMC-Ludhiana questions and answers, COMED-K questions and answers, JIPMER questions and answers, Manipal (MBBS) questions and answers, MGIMS-Wardha questions and answers, AM(MBBS) questions and answers,BHU Medical questions and answers,BITSAT questions and answers, COMED-K questions and answers, IPU-CET(B. Tech) questions and answers, Manipal(B. Tech) questions and answers, VITEEE questions and answers, AMU(B. Tech), NDA Entrance with PCM (MPC) questions and answers, All India Engineering Entrance Exam questions and answers, State Level Engineering Entrance Exams questions and answers, intermediate physics questions and answers, GATE exam questions and answers,neet exam questions and answers,net exam questions and answers For more details visit: http://www.wikitechy.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/wikitechy Twitter: https://twitter.com/WikitechyCom Google Plus: https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/108939953321929485284/108939953321929485284/posts Linked in : https://www.linkedin.com/company/wikitechy Pinterest: https://www.pinterest.com/wikitechy/ Tumblr: http://wikitechy.tumblr.com/

Professor Alan Watson explains cosmic rays to the IRIS Student Advisory Board as part of the earthquake forecasting brainstorm.

Heidelberg Joint Astronomical Colloquium. 25 October 2016. Ellen Zweibel (University of Wisconsin-Maddison) "The basics for cosmic ray feedback: Written on the wind"

Group 9 Space Weather and Cosmic Rays impacts on Satellites anouncement by its Moderator Yavor Shopov (Университетски център за Космически изследвания и технологии на Физическия факултет на Софийския Университет "Св. Климент Охридски") at The 4th Unisec–Global Meeting, October 18, 2016 – October 23, 2016

Watch and know what are 'Cosmic Rays' and their fascinating discovery story only on Quixot Kids Story. Cosmic Rays are a highly energetic atomic nucleus or other particle traveling through space at a speed approaching that of light. Quixot Kids Story brings to you historical, scientific and invention stories for you to learn about inventions and discoveries in a fun way. These scientific stories include great animation for you to understand the science and discoveries better. For Mythological Stories, click here - https://goo.gl/KsXfQH And Subscribe our Channel for More such Funny Tales! Click Here To Subscribe - https://goo.gl/z6aRqh For More Such Funny Stories - https://goo.gl/9klZ2i Like us on Facebook : https://goo.gl/si3DBn Follow us on Pinterest : https://goo.gl/YOVJRP Follow us on Twitter : https://goo.gl/Sq98dm Don't Forget To Hit Like, Share & Comment.

Radiation is all around us, and when you travel by plane, you’re exposed to cosmic radiation. So what does this mean for our health? Does air travel expose us to unsafe radiation levels? Check out this episode to see how flying among cosmic rays affect us in the sky. Hosted by: Michael Aranda ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn't make SciShow without them! Shout out to Kathy & Tim Philip, Kevin Bealer, Andreas Heydeck, Thomas J., Accalia Elementia, Will and Sonja Marple. James Harshaw, Justin Lentz, Chris Peters, Bader AlGhamdi, Benny, Tim Curwick, Philippe von Bergen, Patrick Merrithew, Fatima Iqbal, Mark Terrio-Cameron, Patrick D. Ashmore, and charles george. ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: http://srag.jsc.nasa.gov/spaceradiation/What/What.cfm http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation/around-us/sources.html https://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/commercialflights.html http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aircrew/cosmicionizingradiation.html http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=20034825&View=f& https://hps.org/documents/radiationinperspectiverev4.pdf https://hps.org/hpspublications/articles/RadiationTerms.html http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152359/ http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/radiation-and-health/radiation-and-life.aspx http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24932535

Text: http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Elemetary-Particles.pdf Credits and Research: http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/credits.pdf

Heidelberg Joint Astronomical Colloquium. 26 July 2016. Christoph Pfrommer (HITS, Heidelberg) "How cosmic rays shape galaxies"

Computational Plasma Astrophysics: July 26, 2016 Prospects in Theoretical Physics is an intensive two-week summer program typically designed for graduate students and postdoctoral scholars considering a career in theoretical physics (for 2014 only the program was one week in length). First held by the School of Natural Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study in the summer of 2002, the PiTP program is designed to provide lectures and informal sessions on the latest advances and open questions in various areas of theoretical physics. One of the goals of the program is to help the physics community train the next generation of scholars in theoretical physics. A special effort is made to reach out to women and minorities, as well as to graduate students in small universities who typically do not have the same opportunities and access to leaders in the field as graduate students in large research institutions. Prospects in Theoretical Physics builds on the strong relationship of the research groups at the Institute and Princeton University, and many faculty members from the physics departments at both institutions are actively involved in the program together with scientists from neighboring institutions. More videos on http://video.ias.edu

Georgetown radiation expert and Strange Glow author Timothy Jorgensen explains what radiation risks Cmdr. Kelly faces after living for a year in space.

Don’t know what cosmic radiation is? We asked Georgetown radiation expert and Strange Glow author Timothy Jorgensen to explain.

We asked Georgetown radiation expert and Strange Glow author Timothy Jorgensen how and when earthlings might be exposed to cosmic radiation.

The "health threat from cosmic rays" is the danger posed by galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles to astronauts on interplanetary missions. Galactic cosmic rays consist of high energy protons , helium and other high energy nuclei . Solar energetic particles consist primarily of protons accelerated by the Sun to high energies via proximity to solar flares and coronal mass ejections. They are one of the most important barriers standing in the way of plans for interplanetary travel by crewed spacecraft. The radiation environment of deep space is different from that on the Earth's surface or in low Earth orbit, due to the much larger flux of high-energy galactic cosmic rays , along with radiation from solar proton events and the radiation belts. Galactic cosmic rays create a continuous radiation dose throughout the Solar System that increases during solar minimum and decreases during solar maximum . The inner and outer radiation belts are two regions of trapped particles from the solar wind that are later accelerated by dynamic interaction with the Earth's magnetic field. While always high, the radiation dose in these belts can increase dramatically during geomagnetic storms and substorms. Solar proton events are bursts of energetic protons accelerated by the Sun. They occur relatively rarely and can produce extremely high radiation levels. Without thick shielding, SPEs are sufficiently strong to cause acute radiation poisoning and death. Life on the Earth's surface is protected from galactic cosmic rays by a number of factors: # The Earth's atmosphere is opaque to primary cosmic rays with energies below about 1 gigaelectron volt , so only secondary radiation can reach the surface. The secondary radiation is also attenuated by absorption in the atmosphere, as well as by radioactive decay in flight of some particles, such as muons. Particles entering from a direction close to the horizon are especially attenuated. The world's population receives an average of 0.4 millisieverts of cosmic radiation annually due to atmospheric shielding. At 12 km altitude, above most of the atmosphere's protection, radiation as an annual rate rises to 20 mSv at the equator to 50–120 mSv at the poles, varying between solar maximum and minimum conditions. # Except for the very highest energy galactic cosmic rays, the radius of gyration in the Earth's magnetic field is small enough to ensure that they are deflected away from Earth. Missions beyond low Earth orbit leave the protection of the geomagnetic field, and transit the Van Allen radiation belts. Thus they may need to be shielded against exposure to cosmic rays, Van Allen radiation, or solar flares. The region between two to four Earth radii lies between the two radiation belts and is sometimes referred to as the "safe zone". See the implications of the Van Allen belts for space travel for more information. # The interplanetary magnetic field, embedded in the solar wind, also deflects cosmic rays. As a result, cosmic ray fluxes within the heliopause are inversely correlated with the solar cycle. Wiz Science™ is "the" learning channel for children and all ages. SUBSCRIBE TODAY Disclaimer: This video is for your information only. The author or publisher does not guarantee the accuracy of the content presented in this video. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK. Background Music: "The Place Inside" by Silent Partner (royalty-free) from YouTube Audio Library. This video uses material/images from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health+threat+from+cosmic+rays, which is released under Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . This video is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ . To reuse/adapt the content in your own work, you must comply with the license terms.

NASA Commentator Pat Ryan talks with Dr. John Wefel of Louisiana State University about the Calorimetric Electron Telescope (CALET), an astrophysics mission that will search for signatures of dark matter and provide the highest energy direct measurements of the cosmic ray electron spectrum. Wefel is a co-investigator on CALET, which is being carried to the International Space Station on the Japanese supply ship that launched from the Tanegashima Space Center in southern Japan Wednesday morning, U.S. time, and which will be installed on the Kibo module’s Exposed Facility to search for high energy cosmic rays. Watch Space Station Live, weekdays at 11am eastern. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/nasatv/index.html ________________________________________ FOLLOW THE SPACE STATION! Twitter: https://twitter.com/Space_Station Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ISS Instagram: https://instagram.com/iss/

Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1 Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Quick Mysteries: COSMIS RAYS Hello Everyone! Welcome to OUR Universe! If you've enjoyed the video? Click the LIKE button! If you want to support the channel. Click the SUBSCRIBE button! DESCRIPTION/LINKS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray http://helios.gsfc.nasa.gov/cosmic.html Thanks for Watching! Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1

This demonstrations shows how Earth's atmosphere protects us from high-energy radiation and particles. More demonstrations can be found on the Night Sky Network's Supernova resource page: http://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov/download-view.cfm?Doc_ID=275

A NASA-funded study finds that exposure to radiation during a journey between Earth and Mars could cause subtle brain damage in astronauts. WSJ's Lee Hotz reports. Photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona Subscribe to the WSJ channel here: http://bit.ly/14Q81Xy Visit the WSJ channel for more video: https://www.youtube.com/wsjdigitalnetwork More from the Wall Street Journal: Visit WSJ.com: http://online.wsj.com/home-page Follow WSJ on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/wsjlive Follow WSJ on Google+: https://plus.google.com/+wsj/posts Follow WSJ on Twitter: https://twitter.com/WSJLive Follow WSJ on Instagram: http://instagram.com/wsj Follow WSJ on Pinterest: http://www.pinterest.com/wsj/ Follow WSJ on Tumblr: http://www.tumblr.com/tagged/wall-street-journal

View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-cosmic-rays-help-us-understand-the-universe-veronica-bindi We only know 4% of what the universe is made up of. Can we also know what lies beyond our galaxy ... and if there are undiscovered forms of matter? Luckily, we have space messengers — cosmic rays — that bring us physical data from parts of the cosmos beyond our reach. Veronica Bindi explains what cosmic rays are, and how they transmit information about our universe from the great beyond. Lesson by Veronica Bindi, animation by TED-Ed.

Marco Durante dedicated his research efforts to the biophysics of heavy ions and how they can keep astronauts happy and healthy in space. In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized events that bring people together to share a TED-like experience. At a TEDx event, TEDTalks video and live speakers combine to spark deep discussion and connection in a small group. These local, self-organized events are branded TEDx, where x = independently organized TED event. The TED Conference provides general guidance for the TEDx program, but individual TEDx events are self-organized.* (*Subject to certain rules and regulations)

Is there any reason why a magnetic field couldn't be used on a spacecraft to protect astronauts from radiation? In this Cosmic Queries "Behind the Scenes" video, guest host Bill Nye the Science Guy and Astro Mike Massimino discuss the enormous amount of energy required to generate a magnetic field of that much power with comic co-host Eugene Mirman. They also review other, more practical methods of shielding spacecraft from radiation. If you love StarTalk Radio, don't miss out on any StarTalk news. Sign up for our free newsletter: http://www.startalkradio.net/newsletter/youtube/ Catch up with StarTalk Radio around the web: iTunes - http://bit.ly/SOHDg6 SoundCloud - https://soundcloud.com/startalk Stitcher - http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/startalk TuneIn - http://tunein.com/radio/StarTalk-Radio-p334521/ Twitter - https://twitter.com/#!/StarTalkRadio Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/StarTalkRadio Google+ - http://googleplus.startalkradio.net Pinterest - http://pinterest.com/startalk/ Tumblr - http://startalkradio.tumblr.com/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/startalkradio

The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is the afterglow of the Big Bang; one of the strongest lines of evidence we have that this event happened. UCLA's Dr. Ned Wright explains.

From the acclaimed Bell Telephone TV series....http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Laboratory_Science_Series

It's not surprising that astronauts are in a high-risk cosmic radiation group, but are airline passengers and crew high enough to be affected by it? It's not surprising that astronauts are in a high-risk group when it comes to experiencing adverse reactions caused by cosmic radiation. Those reactions include cancer, memory problems, and premature aging. The harmful rays are likely caused by exploding stars and black holes, and astronauts are out in the open with little to protect them. But how high up is high enough to be affected by them? While scientists have confirmed that being on a plane puts people in the contact range of cosmic radiation, there remains a great deal of uncertainty about how much of an impact it has on passengers and crew. Some say the risk is negligible and barely worth considering. Others advise that people not take regular flights over either the North or South pole as that's where the radiation levels are often strongest. In fact, airlines rotate crew to limit the number of times transpolar flights are required. People fearful of how much radiation they could be exposed on a flight can go to the website for the US Federal Aviation Administration's Civil Aerospace Medical Institute. They have a calculator that will help determine exposure levels on various routes.

The husks of exploded stars produce some of the fastest particles in the cosmos. New findings by NASA's Fermi show that two supernova remnants accelerate protons to near the speed of light. The protons interact with nearby interstellar gas clouds, which then emit gamma rays. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

From NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio. A new study using observations from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope reveals the first clear-cut evidence that the expanding debris of exploded stars produces some of the fastest-moving matter in the universe. This discovery is a major step toward meeting one of Fermi's primary mission goals. Cosmic rays are subatomic particles that move through space at nearly the speed of light. About 90 percent of them are protons, with the remainder consisting of electrons and atomic nuclei. In their journey across the galaxy, the electrically charged particles become deflected by magnetic fields. This scrambles their paths and makes it impossible to trace their origins directly. Through a variety of mechanisms, these speedy particles can lead to the emission of gamma rays, the most powerful form of light and a signal that travels to us directly from its sources. Two supernova remnants, known as IC 443 and W44, are expanding into cold, dense clouds of interstellar gas. This material emits gamma rays when struck by high-speed particles escaping the remnants. Scientists have been unable to ascertain which particle is responsible for this emission because cosmic-ray protons and electrons give rise to gamma rays with similar energies. Now, after analyzing four years of data, Fermi scientists see a gamma-ray feature from both remnants that, like a fingerprint, proves the culprits are protons. When cosmic-ray protons smash into normal protons, they produce a short-lived particle called a neutral pion. The pion quickly decays into a pair of gamma rays. This emission falls within a specific band of energies associated with the rest mass of the neutral pion, and it declines steeply toward lower energies. Detecting this low-end cutoff is clear proof that the gamma rays arise from decaying pions formed by protons accelerated within the supernova remnants.

New observations seem to settle the question of where cosmic rays come from. Dr Tony Padilla discusses the research. See the paper at: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1302.3307v1.pdf COMMENT FROM TONY: "My comments at 1.30 were a bit hasty. Cosmic rays do not pass through the earth. Most collide in the upper atmosphere. I was actually thinking of the LHC safety debate. If they exist, mini blackholes produced by cosmic ray collisions on earth would slip straight through because the earth isn't dense enough. But not the protons themselves." Tony tweets at https://twitter.com/DrTonyPadilla (lots of good science news, links and jokes mixed with some over emotional football commentary) Nasa write-up at: http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2013/feb/HQ_13-052_FERMI_Supernova.html Visit our website at http://www.sixtysymbols.com/ We're on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/sixtysymbols And Twitter at http://twitter.com/#!/periodicvideos This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/index.aspx Sixty Symbols videos by Brady Haran A run-down of Brady's channels: http://periodicvideos.blogspot.co.uk/2012/06/here-are-my-channels.html

A new study using observations from NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope reveals the first clear-cut evidence that the expanding debris of exploded stars produces some of the fastest-moving matter in the universe. This discovery is a major step toward meeting one of Fermi's primary mission goals. Cosmic rays are subatomic particles that move through space at nearly the speed of light. About 90 percent of them are protons, with the remainder consisting of electrons and atomic nuclei. In their journey across the galaxy, the electrically charged particles become deflected by magnetic fields. This scrambles their paths and makes it impossible to trace their origins directly. Through a variety of mechanisms, these speedy particles can lead to the emission of gamma rays, the most powerful form of light and a signal that travels to us directly from its sources. Two supernova remnants, known as IC 443 and W44, are expanding into cold, dense clouds of interstellar gas. This material emits gamma rays when struck by high-speed particles escaping the remnants. Scientists have been unable to ascertain which particle is responsible for this emission because cosmic-ray protons and electrons give rise to gamma rays with similar energies. Now, after analyzing four years of data, Fermi scientists see a gamma-ray feature from both remnants that, like a fingerprint, proves the culprits are protons. When cosmic-ray protons smash into normal protons, they produce a short-lived particle called a neutral pion. The pion quickly decays into a pair of gamma rays. This emission falls within a specific band of energies associated with the rest mass of the neutral pion, and it declines steeply toward lower energies. Detecting this low-end cutoff is clear proof that the gamma rays arise from decaying pions formed by protons accelerated within the supernova remnants. This video is public domain and can be downloaded at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/goto?11209 Like our videos? Subscribe to NASA's Goddard Shorts HD podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Or find NASA Goddard Space Flight Center on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC Or find us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard

Profile of Professor Alan Watson from the University of Leeds, winner of the 2011 Faraday Medal awarded by the Institute of Physics. The award was for his outstanding leadership within the Pierre Auger Observatory, and the insights he has provided to the origin and nature of ultra high energy cosmic rays.

During his research work, Dr Ernest Hartmann notices the regular sequential repetition of some emissions, and understood that it had certainly nothing to do with the subterranean emissions. He discovered the existence of energetic walls 20 cm wide, extended on the north - southwards and east - westwads, creating a 2 x 2,5 m rectangle net, which was named in his behalf Hartmann's Net. The interception of the Hartmann's net walls create Hartmann's nodes, and they are considered particularly harmful. If the cosmic emissions get in touch with some other kind of emissions, even the minimal ones, together they become very harmful, and can even cause cancer disease. The combination of subterranean and cosmic emissions is particularly dangerous. For the organism, which is still adapting to one type of emission, this combination contributes imbalancing it, and illness is inevitable.

Cosmic Background Radiation. Created by Sal Khan. Watch the next lesson: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cosmology-and-astronomy/universe-scale-topic/big-bang-expansion-topic/v/cosmic-background-radiation-2?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=cosmologystronomy Missed the previous lesson? https://www.khanacademy.org/science/cosmology-and-astronomy/universe-scale-topic/big-bang-expansion-topic/v/red-shift?utm_source=YT&utm_medium=Desc&utm_campaign=cosmologystronomy Cosmology & Astronomy on Khan Academy: The Earth is huge, but it is tiny compared to the Sun (which is super huge). But the Sun is tiny compared to the solar system which is tiny compared to the distance to the next star. Oh, did we mention that there are over 100 billion stars in our galaxy (which is about 100,000 light years in diameter) which is one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in just the observable universe (which might be infinite for all we know). Don't feel small. We find it liberating. Your everyday human stresses are nothing compared to this enormity that we are a part of. Enjoy the fact that we get to be part of this vastness! About Khan Academy: Khan Academy offers practice exercises, instructional videos, and a personalized learning dashboard that empower learners to study at their own pace in and outside of the classroom. We tackle math, science, computer programming, history, art history, economics, and more. Our math missions guide learners from kindergarten to calculus using state-of-the-art, adaptive technology that identifies strengths and learning gaps. We've also partnered with institutions like NASA, The Museum of Modern Art, The California Academy of Sciences, and MIT to offer specialized content. For free. For everyone. Forever. #YouCanLearnAnything Subscribe to Khan Academy’s Cosmology & Astronomy channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChNPnEkW8LYZ5Rwi8_A2-DA?sub_confirmation=1 Subscribe to Khan Academy: https://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=khanacademy

Edwin Hubble has made his measurements and Albert Einstein has conceded to the idea of the expansion of the universe but debate still continues between Big Bang proponents and supporters of a steady state model of the Universe. Lesson P1b 7.2 of the UK AQA syllabus.

Cal Teach Student assistant Wing Choy describes cosmic rays and muons and how to detect them at the BCCP Cosmology Workshop. At the annual BCCP cosmology workshops, prominent physicists present the current scientific view of the history and structure of the universe. Students and teachers learn how scientists do research in cosmology and particle physics, and teachers share physics lessons.