GALAXIES

The world’s premier astronomy and space science podcast. Stream episodes on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly). SpaceTime 20180516 Series 21 Episode 38 *New study shows galaxies get bigger and puffier as they age Astronomers have found that like some people galaxies grow bigger and puffier as they age. *NASA Helicopter bound to Mars NASA has announced plans to send a helicopter to Mars in 2020. The small, autonomous rotorcraft drone will travel with the agency's Mars 2020 rover mission slated to launch in July 2020. You tube video url: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/post/173797030583 *New discovery shows how energy is dissipated throughout the universe Scientists have discovered a new type of turbulent magnetic reconnection dissipating energy beyond Earth’s protective magnetic field. The findings help explain how turbulent magnetic fields dissipate energy throughout the cosmos. You tube video url: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/post/173789031868 You tube video url: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/post/173788942118 *Earth’s orbit being changed by Jupiter and Venus A new study claims Earth's orbit is elongated every 405,000 years by the gravitational perturbations of Venus and Jupiter. *The Science Report The after effects of the 911 terrorist attacks in the United States continues to take their toll. Thousands of popular apps and games may be violating Children's Online Privacy Protection laws. A giant extinct bird could be responsible for around 1,000 gravel mounds in the Australian outback. Study shows that horses can read and remember people's emotional expressions For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker, Spotify, Deezer etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list For more, follow SpaceTime on Facebook, twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, Instagram, Google+, Patreon and Spreaker: Facebook: @spacetimewithstuartgary twitter: @stuartgary Tumblr: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/spacetimewithstuartgary/ Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/1/b/116201551232774363704/ YouTube: www.youtube.com/c/spacetimewithstuartgary Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Spreaker: https://www.spreaker.com/show/spacetime-with-stuart-gary-2017 If you're enjoying SpaceTime, please help out by sharing and telling your friends. The best recommendation I can get is one from you. Thank you…

This video sequence starts with a NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope view of the distant galaxy cluster MACS 1149. Up in the corner lies a still more distant object, the galaxy MACS 1149-JD1, seen just 500 million years after the Big Bang. The final image shows recent ALMA imaging of this galaxy. More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1815d/ Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, W. Zheng (JHU), M. Postman (STScI), the CLASH Team, Hashimoto et al.

Astronomers have used observations from the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) to determine that star formation in the very distant galaxy MACS1149-JD1 started at an unexpectedly early stage, only 250 million years after the Big Bang. This discovery also represents the most distant oxygen ever detected in the Universe and the most distant galaxy ever observed by ALMA or the VLT. The video is available in 4K UHD. The ESOcast Light is a series of short videos bringing you the wonders of the Universe in bite-sized pieces. The ESOcast Light episodes will not be replacing the standard, longer ESOcasts, but complement them with current astronomy news and images in ESO press releases. More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1815a/ Subscribe to ESOcast in iTunes! https://itunes.apple.com/podcast/esocast-hd/id295471183?mt=2 Receive future episodes on YouTube by pressing the Subscribe button above or follow us on Vimeo: https://vimeo.com/esoastronomy Watch more ESOcast episodes: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/esocast/ Find out how to view and contribute subtitles for the ESOcast in multiple languages, or translate this video on YouTube: http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/ Credit: ESO Directed by: Nico Bartmann. Editing: Nico Bartmann. Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Stephen Molyneux and Richard Hook. Music: Tim Turusov (www.turusov.com). Footage and photos: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO), NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, W. Zheng (JHU), M. Postman (STScI), the CLASH Team, Hashimoto et al and R. Colombari. Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.

Astronomers think that our Sun was born in a cluster of stars about 4.6 billion years ago that quickly dispersed. Studying other stellar clusters helps scientists better understand how stars — including our Sun — are born. NGC 6231 is a relatively nearby cluster in the Milky Way galaxy with thousands of stars. NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has been used to identify the young Sun-like stars in NGC 6231, which have, until recently, been hiding in plain sight. By combining X-rays from Chandra with infrared data, astronomers have compiled the best census to date of the stars in NGC 6231.

Fermi bubbles are made up of gamma rays, but where they came from is still up for debate. Did they come from a star-forming region, or the black hole at the middle of our galaxy? For special, curated artifacts of this universe, check out https://scishowfinds.com/ Hosted by: Caitlin Hofmeister ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Jerry Perez, Lazarus G, Kelly Landrum Jones, Sam Lutfi, Kevin Knupp, Nicholas Smith, D.A. Noe, alexander wadsworth, سلطان الخليفي, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Bader AlGhamdi, James Harshaw, Patrick D. Ashmore, Candy, Tim Curwick, charles george, Saul, Mark Terrio-Cameron, Viraansh Bhanushali, Kevin Bealer, Philippe von Bergen, Chris Peters, Justin Lentz ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/01/star-formation-drives-huge-bubbles-in-the-milky-way/ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/new-structure.html https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/100303-gamma-ray-fog-fermi-dragons/ https://arstechnica.com/science/2017/09/highest-energy-cosmic-rays-bounce-off-bubble-irradiate-earth/ http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-resources/understanding-fermi-bubbles/ http://astronomy.com/news/2017/03/fermi-bubbles http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2017-10 Images: https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12313 https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/GLAST/news/new-structure.html https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/20142 https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30682 https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30796

Astronomers are sharing details of a cosmic megamerger involving multiple galaxies.

NGC 2207 is a pair of colliding spiral galaxies. Their bright central nuclei resemble a striking set of eyes. In visible light, trails of stars and gas trace out spiral arms, stretched by the tidal pull between the galaxies. When seen in infrared light (IR), the glow of warm dust appears. This dust is the raw material for the creation of new stars and planets. Complementary to the IR, the X-ray view reveals areas of active star formation and the birth of super star clusters. Though individual stars are too far apart to collide, the material between the stars merges to create high-density pockets of gas. These regions gravitationally collapse to trigger a firestorm of starbirth. The galaxy collision will go on for several millions of years, leaving the galaxies completely altered in terms of their shapes. Video Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI) Optical image: NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI) X-ray image: NASA/CXC/SAO/S. Mineo et al Infrared image: NASA/JPL-Caltech

NASA on Friday shared a remarkable image of a galaxy cluster.

Jared explains why the formation of NGC 1052-DF2 without dark matter is a massive mystery. === CONTINUE THE CONVERSATION === Twitter.com/TMRO Facebook.com/TMROTV YouTube.com/TMRO Reddit.com/r/tmro Twitch.tv/TMRO TMRO.tv === OUR REAL-TIME DISCORD CHANNEL === All of the TMRO Shows are created and maintained in our Discord channel. Escape Velocity Patrons have access to a special room, but we also have free #general rooms that anyone can participate in. Join in for free at https://discord.gg/9NkkFWD === TMRO IS CROWD FUNDED === TMRO shows are crowd funded. If you like this episode consider contributing to help us to continue to improve. Head over to http://www.patreon.com/tmro for per-episode contribution or http://www.makersupport.com/tmro for monthly contributions and reward information.

Astronomers have used NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory to study a gigantic and resilient "cold front" in the Perseus galaxy cluster. This cold front consists of a band of gas with a "cool" temperature of about 30 million degrees moving through lower density, 80-million-degree gas. Scientists determined this cold front spans about 2 million light years, moves at speeds around 300,000 mph, and formed some 5 billion years ago. Not only has it survived for so long, the cold front has also remained surprisingly sharp and split into two different pieces. This suggests that magnetic fields are wrapped around the cold front, which formed before the birth of our Solar System, preserving it.

Dark Matter has been a persistent thorn in the side of physicists. It shouldn’t be there, but it has to be, and obviously is. And, even weirder, dark matter is far more common […] The post We just Discovered A Galaxy Without Dark Matter, Proving it Exists appeared first on Geek.com. https://www.geek.com/science/we-just-discovered-a-galaxy-without-dark-matter-proving-it-exists-1735431/?source http://www.wochit.com This video was produced by YT Wochit News using http://wochit.com

The Andromeda galaxy is heading straight toward our own Milky Way. The two galaxies will inevitably collide. Will that be the very last night sky our solar system witnesses? You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: Scientists Have Detected the First Stars https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R9F2_D76TE See that fuzzy blob on the sky? The one just left of the Milky Way center in the constellation of Andromeda. That’s M31 – the Andromeda galaxy. It’s two and a half million light years away and host to a trillion stars. It has a beautiful spiral structure spanning its gently rotating disk 220 thousand light years in diameter, and a central bulge that hides a giant black hole that contains the mass of well over a hundred million Suns. Andromeda is also racing towards our galaxy at 110 km/s. Written and Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Comments Matt responded to include: The Exoplanets Channel https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R9F2_D76TE&lc=UgzYOYV-1GsJrSwlmZ14AaABAg Patrick Horgan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-R9F2_D76TE&lc=UgxB8ZoEtScJ4vFBSo94AaABAg And Springville High School’s AP Physics Class! Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Faisal Saud Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Justin Lloyd Roman Pinchuk Hypernova Kevin Costello Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Craig Peterson Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen TJMadison Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell J Rejc Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Brandon Cook

Like this content? Please consider becoming a patron: https://patreon.com/DeepAstronomy Even though it is relatively nearby at 300 million light years from Earth, the galaxy, named Dragonfly 44, had been missed by astronomers for decades because it is very dim. The discovery of this dim object heralds in a new class of galaxies that have become known as ‘dark galaxies’ or ‘ultra diffuse galaxies’ because they contain relatively few stars, yet have a mass equal to our own Milky Way with hundreds of billions of stars. It was only discovered recently, in 2015, when the Dragonfly Telephoto Array, then a small collection of 24 commercially available 400mm telephoto lenses, looked towards a region of sky in the constellation Coma. But as astronomers looked closer using larger telescopes with specialized instruments, they realized this dim, tiny galaxy was more than meets the eye - literally. It contained so few stars. There were so few stars in this galaxy that there was no way they could all stay together as a gravitationally bound object - they would simply fly apart. So what was keeping the stars in Dragonfly 44 together? Astronomers had pretty good idea: dark matter. Dragonfly 44 image Pieter van Dokkum / Roberto Abraham / Gemini Observatory / SDSS / AURA. Darkness Speaks by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100364 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Deep Space by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Follow DeepAstronomy on Twitter: @DeepAstronomy Like DeepAstronomy on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DeepAstronomy/ Like Space Fan News on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SpaceFanNews/

Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.makersupport.com/Astronomic BITCOIN Donations: 1PpRcgMy2ZvkLnuds6wamBZ7dR2zSNjVpr PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1 Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Thank you Patreons! 😀 Christopher Gabow ($5) Tovi Sonnenberg ($5) Christine Pines ($2) Eduardo Moldòn ($2) Xenoning ($1) Eurico Roberto ($1) Hello Everyone! Welcome to OUR Universe! If you've enjoyed the video... click the LIKE button! If you want to support the channel... click the SUBSCRIBE button! TITLE: Quick-fire Galaxies! LINKS: 1. M32 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_32 2. M101 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinwheel_Galaxy 3. M65 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_65 4. M109 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_109 5. M82 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_82 6. M51 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_Galaxy 7. Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Magellanic_Cloud 8. NGC 4565 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_4565 9. M87 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_87 10. NGC 4650A https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_4650A OTHER VIDEOS: 1. Why Are These Two Galaxies Colliding? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWHqJTA5yz0 2. 6 Galaxies In OUR Universe! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ntu0cFBzMQA&t=380s 3. 6 MORE Galaxies In OUR Universe! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBI8GNK2cls&t=5s Thanks for Watching! Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.makersupport.com/Astronomic BITCOIN Donations: 1PpRcgMy2ZvkLnuds6wamBZ7dR2zSNjVpr PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1

The closest galaxy to our own is the majestic Andromeda galaxy, a collection of a trillion stars located a “mere” 2 million light years away. https://gizmodo.com/good-news-the-milky-way-may-not-be-devoured-by-androme-1823080163 http://www.wochit.com This video was produced by YT Wochit News using http://wochit.com

This video shows what the galaxy NGC 3344 looks like in different wavelengths of light. Astronomers collect light of different wavelengths to find out different types of information about astronomical objects. More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1803c/ Credit: NASA & ESA Music credit: Mylonite MRP - Mylonite Recordz Production (https://www.youtube.com/user/myloniteofficiel)

This video pans over NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope observations of the spiral galaxy NGC 3344 that lies about 20 million light-years away. The galaxy is seen face-on, allowing us to see its spiral arms and the bright core. Because of the many filters used to create this image — ranging from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared — the bright young stars glowing blue and the red regions of dense gas and dust are visible. More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1803d/ Credit: ESA/Hubble Music: Astral Electronic

Our eyes detect only visible light, but on board Hubble are a variety of instruments that together detect many different wavelengths of light. This means that Hubble is able to observe galaxies over a wide range of wavelengths to reveal features that would otherwise remain invisible to our eyes. This episode of the Hubblecast explores the meaning of the colours in the spiral galaxy NGC 3344. More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1803a/ Subscribe to Hubblecast in iTunes! https://itunes.apple.com/gb/podcast/hubblecast-hd/id258935617 Receive future episodes on YouTube by pressing the Subscribe button above or follow us on Vimeo: https://vimeo.com/hubbleesa Watch more Hubblecavideo.web_category.allst episodes: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/archive/category/hubblecast/ Credit: Directed by: Rosa Jesse Visual design and editing: Martin Kornmesser Written by: Mathias Jäger, Nicole Shaerer Narration: Sara Mendes da Costa Images: NASA, ESA/Hubble Videos: NASA, ESA/Hubble Animations: NASA, ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser, L. Calçada Music: Mylonite MRP - Mylonite Recordz Production (https://www.youtube.com/user/myloniteofficiel) Web and technical support: Mathias Andre and Raquel Yumi Shida Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen

This video zooms in on the spiral galaxy NGC 3344, about 20 million light-years away from the Earth. The footage begins with a view of the night sky in the direction of the constellation of Leo Minor, as seen from the ground. It then zooms through observations from the Digitized Sky Survey 2, and ends with a view of the galaxy obtained with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1803b/ Credit: ESA/Hubble, NASA, Digitized Sky Survey 2. Acknowledgement: Davide De Martin Music: Astral Electronic

This episode is brought to by Grammarly….an intelligent writing app. It’ll correct hundreds of writing errors for you….and has saved us multiple occasions. It’s one app we use every day here at SpaceTime. And there’s a free browser extension. Go to www.getgrammarly.com/spacetime for your free download and help support the show...it’ll improve your writing no end! Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly). *New evidence that our galaxy is a cannibal Astronomers have discovered evidence confirming that the outer halo of the Milky Way contains stars stolen from neighbouring dwarf galaxies. The new findings support the idea of galactic cannibalism in which big galaxies grow bigger by merging or consuming smaller galaxies. *All systems go for Falcon heavy Space X is about to launch its largest and most powerful rocket ever -- the Falcon Heavy. The new 70 metre tall launch vehicle combines three Falcon 9 core stages mounted side by side. Instead of the usual dummy payload packed with scientific monitoring equipment – SpaceX boss Elon Musk is sending his own midnight cherry Tesla Roadster with David Bowie’s Space Oddity playing through the speakers. *Scientists discover how black holes regulate star formation in massive galaxies For year astronomers have noticed a direct relationship between the size of a galaxy and the mass of the supermassive black hole at its centre -- But the machinations of how it all worked has been more of a mystery. Now a new study has provided direct observational evidence that the mass of the central black hole affects the formation of new stars throughout the galaxy’s lifetime. *The Science Report The biological markers in blood plasma which could provide an early warning of Alzheimer’s disease. Polar bears slowly starving to death because declining sea ice due to man-made climate change. New questions about the effectiveness of taking fish oil capsules for heart health. New tool discoveries indicate humans left Africa much earlier than thought. The events that have shaped the nation the most. The Skeptics guide to so called energy medicine. For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list

Astrophysicists at the University of Oklahoma, using a technique called microlensing, have confirmed the existence of exoplanets beyond our own Milky Way galaxy. The scientific team has discovered not just one or two, but an estimated multitude of planets which range in size form the Moon to Jupiter. OU professor Xinyu Dai said, "We are very excited about this discovery. This is the first time anyone has discovered planets outside our galaxy. These small planets are the best candidate for the signature we observed in this study using the microlensing technique.” OU researcher Eduardo Guerras said, "This is an example of how powerful the techniques of analysis of extragalactic microlensing can be." https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/scientists-discover-exoplanets-beyond-milky-way-galaxy/ http://www.wochit.com This video was produced by YT Wochit News using http://wochit.com

We've been trying to count the galaxies in the universe since the mid '90s, but our estimates change as our tools improve. So what does our current estimate really mean? Hosted by: Reid Reimers ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Kelly Landrum Jones, Sam Lutfi, Kevin Knupp, Nicholas Smith, D.A. Noe, alexander wadsworth, سلط الخليفي, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Bella Nash, Charles Southerland, Bader AlGhamdi, James Harshaw, Patrick Merrithew, Patrick D. Ashmore, Candy, Tim Curwick, charles george, Saul, Mark Terrio-Cameron, Viraansh Bhanushali, Kevin Bealer, Philippe von Bergen, Chris Peters, Justin Lentz ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1607.03909v2.pdf https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/hubble-reveals-observable-universe-contains-10-times-more-galaxies-than-previously-thought https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/10/so-many-galaxies/504185/ https://phys.org/news/2017-01-universe-trillion-galaxies.html https://gizmodo.com/we-were-very-wrong-about-the-number-of-galaxies-in-the-1787750693 https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1620/ [includes PR videos] https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/universe-has-10-times-more-galaxies-than-researchers-thought/ https://www.nature.com/news/hubble-telescope-reveals-deepest-view-of-the-universe-yet-1.14489 https://www.nature.com/news/universe-has-ten-times-more-galaxies-than-researchers-thought-1.20809 http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/universe-2-trillion-galaxies/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/there-are-10-times-many-galaxies-previously-thought-180960796/ http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2016/10/14/there_are_two_trillion_galaxies_in_the_universe.html http://hubblesite.org/image/385/news_release/1996-01 Images: https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0814a/ https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo1724a/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HubbleDeepField.800px.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Webb_Space_Telescope_2009_top.jpg https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0910i/ https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1215b/ https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1414a/ https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0911b/ https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_img_20080520.html

NASA scientists revealed a new image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showing one of the oldest galaxies ever discovered in unprecedented detail.

Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly). SpaceTime 20180105 Series 21 Episode 02 *Solving the mystery of what came first? Astronomers may be a step closer to solving one of the greatest mysteries in astrophysics – which came first the galaxy – or the supermassive black hole at its centre. The problem is do galaxies form first from the accumulation of stars, globular clusters, and molecular gas and dust clouds -- with densities at the galactic centre eventually becoming so high it forms a black hole. *Supermassive black hole stellar factory Astronomers have discovered 11 newly formed infant protostars within three light years of the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy. Black holes generate powerful gravitational tidal forces and intense ultraviolet and X-ray radiation – environments far more conducive to destroying stars rather than creating them. *Mars may not be as dry as it seems A new study suggests water on Mars is being absorbed by the red planet’s rocks like a sponge. The findings reported in the journal Nature suggest that Martian basalt rocks can hold up to 25 percent more water than similar basalts on Earth. *SpaceX to launch Falcon Heavy shortly After more than 12 years of planning and development Space X is finally getting ready to fly its new Falcon Heavy launch vehicle. The 70-metre-tall reusable rocket is based around three Falcon 9 common booster core stages -- mounted side by side in a similar fashion to the Delta 4 heavy -- from which it will take the title as the world’s most powerful operational launch vehicle. For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list For more, follow SpaceTime on Facebook, twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, Instagram, Google+, Patreon and Spreaker: Facebook: @spacetimewithstuartgary twitter: @stuartgary Tumblr: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/spacetimewithstuartgary/ Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/2/collection/cabtNB YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhpBkuHSLfIRnliLB12HoC1QE0rwr8qRS Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Spreaker: https://www.spreaker.com/show/spacetime-with-stuart-gary-2017 If you're enjoying SpaceTime, please help out by sharing and telling your friends. The best recommendation I can get is one from you. Thank you…

Astronomers have looked back to a time soon after the Big Bang, and have discovered swirling gas in some of the earliest galaxies to have formed in the Universe. These ‘newborns’ – observed as they appeared nearly 13 billion years ago – spun like a whirlpool, similar to our own Milky Way. An international team used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile to open a new window onto the distant Universe, and have for the first time been able to identify normal star-forming galaxies at a very early stage in cosmic history with this telescope. Light from distant objects takes time to reach Earth, so observing objects that are billions of light years away enables us to look back in time and directly observe the formation of the earliest galaxies. The Universe at that time, however, was filled with an obscuring ‘haze’ of neutral hydrogen gas, which makes it difficult to see the formation of the very first galaxies with optical telescopes. Astronomers used ALMA to observe two small newborn galaxies, as they existed just 800 million years after the Big Bang. By analyzing the spectral ‘fingerprint’ of the far-infrared light collected by ALMA, they were able to establish the distance to the galaxies and, for the first time, see the internal motion of the gas that fueled their growth. The researchers found that the gas in these newborn galaxies swirled and rotated in a whirlpool motion, similar to our own galaxy and other, more mature galaxies much later in the Universe’s history. Despite their relatively small size – about five times smaller than the Milky Way – these galaxies were forming stars at a higher rate than other young galaxies, but the researchers were surprised to discover that the galaxies were not as chaotic as expected. The data from this project on small galaxies paves the way for larger studies of galaxies during the first billion years of cosmic time.

Consider supporting Space Fan News: https://patreon.com/DeepAstronomy to ensure you get current space & astronomy news each week! As many of you know who’ve been following SFN for a while know that this video series was started in January 2011 during the winter meeting of the American Astronomical Society. Well this week finished the one for 2018 and here is a roundup of stories I found most interesting. The people with the American Astronomical Society call their winter meeting the Superbowl of Astronomy and while that may be a bit hyperbolic, it is an exciting time for astronomers. They get to announce some of their most exciting work during this meeting and while I have been to several, lately I’ve had to watch them from afar. But I do hope to start live streaming from them again one day. So in the spirit of SFN, I’m going to give you a brief roundup of some of the latest research that came out this week from the world of professional astronomers from around the world. There was so much released this week that there is no way I can cover all of it in a 10 minute or so video, so I’m keeping it to those things I found most interesting. Links to the stories: http://news.fnal.gov/2018/01/dark-energy-survey-publicly-releases-first-three-years-of-data/ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/webb-telescope-s-houston-highlights https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2018-004 http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2018-04 http://www.caltech.edu/news/citizen-scientists-discover-five-planet-system-80989 Exoplanet Explorers: https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/ianc2/exoplanet-explorers Space Fan News Theme by Stephen Dubois available for download here: http://ancienteyesmusic.com Space Fan News Background Music by Colour the Landscapes: https://colourthelandscapes.bandcamp.com/ Follow DeepAstronomy on Twitter: @DeepAstronomy Like DeepAstronomy on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DeepAstronomy/ Like Space Fan News on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SpaceFanNews/

A new visualization provides an exceptional virtual trip — complete with a 360-degree view — to the center of our home galaxy, the Milky Way.

The Earth is located about 26,000 light years, or about 200,000 trillion miles, from the center of the Galaxy. While humans cannot physically travel there, scientists have been able to study this region by using data from powerful telescopes. A new visualization, based on data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and other telescopes, lets viewers explore the Milky Way's center. In this 360-degree movie, viewers can see powerful winds from giant stars around the Galaxy's supermassive black hole. Scientists are using this visualization to examine the effects from the black hole on its stellar neighbors.

A 360-degree movie immerses viewers into a simulation of the center of our Galaxy. This visualization was enabled by data from Chandra and other telescopes and allows viewers to control their own exploration of this region. From the vantage point of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, Sgr A*, the viewer can see about 25 Wolf-Rayet stars (white, twinkling objects) as they continuously eject stellar winds (black to red to yellow color scale). These winds collide with each other, and then some of this material (yellow blobs) spirals towards Sgr A*. The movie shows two simulations, each of which start around 350 years in the past and span 500 years. The first simulation shows Sgr A* in a calm state, while the second contains a more violent Sgr A* that is expelling its own material, thereby turning off the accretion of clumped material (yellow blobs) that is so prominent in the first portion.

The hubble space telescope recently captured beautiful images of galaxy NGC 5256, which they have named Markarian 266. According to mnn.com, "The bright colors radiating from the center are actually two galaxies on the verge of a massive galactic collision... New technological advancements in imagery made it possible to show the presence of gas." Fans of beautiful space imagery should definitely check it out. https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/space/videos/hubble-telescope-captures-stunning-galactic-collision http://www.wochit.com This video was produced by YT Wochit News using http://wochit.com

To support SciShow Space and learn more about Brilliant, go to https://brilliant.org/scishowspace/ Astronomers have found a couple galaxies that were much larger than expected, and the Opportunity rover might be in for some harsh Martian weather! We want to learn more about you and your opinions! If you have time, please take a moment to fill out this survey: https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/SciShowSurvey2017 Thank you! ---------- Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Kelly Landrum Jones, Sam Lutfi, Kevin Knupp, Nicholas Smith, Inerri, D.A. Noe, alexander wadsworth, سلطان الخليفي, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Bella Nash, Charles Southerland, Bader AlGhamdi, James Harshaw, Patrick Merrithew, Patrick D. Ashmore, Candy, Tim Curwick, charles george, Saul, Mark Terrio-Cameron, Viraansh Bhanushali, Kevin Bealer, Philippe von Bergen, Chris Peters, Justin Lentz ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow ---------- Sources: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature24629 https://public.nrao.edu/news/2017-alma-galaxies-dark-matter/ https://www.simonsfoundation.org/2017/12/06/early-galaxies-dark-matter/ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-mars-rover-teams-tilted-winter-strategy-works https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20070720a.html https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20070824a.html https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/the-fact-and-fiction-of-martian-dust-storms https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/mars-weather-forecast-calls-massive-dust-stormssolar-system-mechanics-may-explain-why-180959174/ https://www.popsci.com/can-we-predict-global-dust-storms-on-mars Images: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spectrum.svg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NGC_4414_(NASA-med).jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ALMA_Antennas_on_Chajnantor.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Horseshoe_Einstein_Ring_from_Hubble.JPG https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/176484main_hst_dark_ring_1_full.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Erebus_360_L257atc-B652R1.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Opportunity_in_Endurance_Crater.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MarsEndurance.jpg https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mer/newsroom/pressreleases/20070720a.html

In this week’s question show, Fraser explains why almost everything in the Solar System is spinning in the same direction, is there a limit to how massive black holes can get, and do galaxies have an escape velocity? In this week’s question show, Fraser explains how astronomers measure the spin rate of black holes, other uses of gravitational slingshots, and why everyone is talking about Patreon. Check out Terry Virts View From Above https://shop.nationalgeographic.com/product/books/books/photography/view-from-above Get an email announcement whenever we release a new video: http://eepurl.com/dcThQ5 What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] Chloe Cain - Instagram: @chloegwen2001

Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.makersupport.com/Astronomic BITCOIN Donations: 1PpRcgMy2ZvkLnuds6wamBZ7dR2zSNjVpr PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1 Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Hello Everyone! Welcome to OUR Universe! If you've enjoyed the video... click the LIKE button! If you want to support the channel... click the SUBSCRIBE button! TITLE: Why Are These Two Galaxies Colliding? LINKS: 1. Space.com - Milky Way Galaxy: Facts About Our Galactic Home https://www.space.com/19915-milky-way-galaxy.html 2. Space Answers - What do we know about the Andromeda galaxy? https://www.spaceanswers.com/deep-space/what-do-we-know-about-the-andromeda-galaxy/ 3. Wiki - Andromeda–Milky Way collision https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda–Milky_Way_collision OTHER VIDEOS: 1. The Lifetime Of A Star https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UGBeedYuF4 2. 6 Galaxies In OUR Universe! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ntu0cFBzMQA&t=380s 3. The Classification Of Galaxies https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO9KBZaCn28 Thanks for Watching! Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.makersupport.com/Astronomic BITCOIN Donations: 1PpRcgMy2ZvkLnuds6wamBZ7dR2zSNjVpr PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1

Abell 2744 is a cluster of galaxies 5 million light-years across and 3.5 billion light-years away. Its immense mass has warped space, magnifying and distorting light from galaxies beyond the cluster, and giving us a view into the universe as it existed more than 13 billion years ago. Explore the science along with the scenery – Image Tours show Hubble pictures through an astronomer's eyes, pinpointing and explaining key features to add understanding to the joy of cosmic sightseeing. For more Hubble Image Tours, please visit: http://hubblesite.org/videos/image_tours RELATED LINKS: • Hubble's First Frontier Field Finds Thousands of Unseen, Faraway Galaxies: http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2014-01 • Hubble Finds Extremely Distant Galaxy through Cosmic Magnifying Glass: http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2014-39 • Video: Zoom into the Massive Galaxy Cluster Abell 2744: http://hubblesite.org/video/47/science/15-galaxy-clusters • Image: Gravitational Lens Forms Giant Arc: http://hubblesite.org/image/2981/news/18-gravitational-lensing Credits: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz, M. Mountain, A. Koekemoer, and the HFF Team (STScI)

An exploration of the concept of a galactic habitable zone and the implications it has for life in the universe. https://www.patreon.com/johnmichaelgodier Papers: "Ionizing radiation and life." L.R. Dartnell, 2011 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21774684 Music: Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Astronomers from the Kapteyn Astronomical Institute and Leiden Observatory, both in the Netherlands, used data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and ESA’s Gaia space observatory to measure the motions of stars in the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy. The Sculptor Dwarf is a satellite galaxy orbiting the Milky Way, 300 000 light-years away from Earth. Only by combining the datasets from these two successful ESA missions — produced more than 12 years apart — could the scientists directly measure the exact 3D motions of stars within the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy. The is the first time this has been achieved with such accuracy for a galaxy other than the Milky Way. This kind of precision was only possible due to the extraordinary resolution and accuracy of both instruments. Also the study would not have been possible without the large interval of time between the two datasets which makes it easier to determine the movement of the stars. The Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy, which are among the most dark matter dominated objects in the Universe. This makes them ideal targets for investigating the properties of dark matter. In particular, understanding how dark matter is distributed in these dwarf galaxies allows astronomers to test the validity of the currently-accepted cosmological model. However, dark matter cannot be studied directly. The information gathered about the 3D motion of stars in the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy can be translated directly into knowledge of how its total mass — including dark matter — is distributed. The new results show that stars in the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy move preferentially on elongated radial orbits. This indicates that the density of dark matter increases towards the centre instead of flattening out. These findings are in agreement with the established cosmological model and our current understanding of dark matter, taking into account the complexity of Sculptor’s stellar populations. As a side effect of the study, the team also presented a more accurate trajectory of the Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy as a whole as it orbits the Milky Way. Their results show that it is moving around the Milky Way in a high-inclination elongated orbit that takes it much further away than previously thought. Currently, it is nearly at its closest point to the Milky Way, but its orbit can take it as far as 725 000 light-years away.

The Milky Way is on a crash course with the Andromeda galaxy, but what would a galactic collision actually look like? What Happens When Galaxies Die? - https://youtu.be/wWvJVE5nio4 Read More: Astronomers Predict Titanic Collision: Milky Way vs. Andromeda https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/31may_andromeda “The Milky Way is destined to get a major makeover during the encounter, which is predicted to happen four billion years from now. It is likely the sun will be flung into a new region of our galaxy, but our Earth and solar system are in no danger of being destroyed.” As Much as Half of the Milky Way Likely Came From Distant Galaxies https://www.seeker.com/space/astrophysics/as-much-as-half-of-the-milky-way-likely-came-from-distant-galaxies “We’re made of star stuff, as Carl Sagan famously put it in his TV series Cosmos. All of the elements that joined together to form our planet and everything on it were set in motion within the hearts of ancient stars. But not only are we star stuff, it appears that we’re actually made of alien star stuff.” Jellyfish Galaxies Are Feeding Supermassive Black Holes https://www.seeker.com/space/astrophysics/jellyfish-galaxies-are-feeding-supermassive-black-holes “There are all sorts of strange “creatures” in outer space. Astronomers study objects called blitzars and magnetars, while citizen scientists with the Galaxy Zoo project have found objects that they’ve affectionately dubbed “green peas” and “voorwerps.” Some of these objects are well understood while others are more mysterious.” ____________________ Seeker inspires us to see the world through the lens of science and evokes a sense of curiosity, optimism and adventure. Visit the Seeker website https://www.seeker.com/videos Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel Seeker on Twitter http://twitter.com/seeker Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez Seeker on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/SeekerMedia/ Seeker http://www.seeker.com/ Special thanks to Amy Shira Teitel for hosting and writing this episode of Seeker! Check Amy out on Twitter: https://twitter.com/astVintageSpace

The properties of the Milky Way's satellite galaxies provide critical clues to how galaxies form. However, the number of Milky Way satellites and their properties do not fully agree with well-established cosmological models. The SAGA (Satellites Around Galactic Analogs) survey is a long-term program to determine complete satellite luminosity functions around 100 Milky Way analogs down to Mr = -12. I will present early results from the SAGA survey. Surprisingly, the majority (26/27) of our satellites are star-forming, as compared to 2 of 5 star-forming Milky Way satellites in the same luminosity range. I will discuss how these results potentially change the physical interpretation of measurements based only on the Milky Way's satellites.

Phillips Auditorium Dominik Riechers Cornell University Great progress has been made over the past two decades in constraining the star formation history of the universe, but our understanding of how cosmic star formation is fueled by molecular gas at high redshift remains limited to specific, and potentially biased samples of galaxies. To overcome these limitations, we have carried out a large blind volume search for molecular gas in galaxies at redshifts 2-3 and 5-7 with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). This measurement of the "cold gas history of the universe" near the peak of cosmic star formation and in the first billion years of cosmic time provides important information on the fueling mechanisms that drive cosmic star formation. To probe the detailed physical properties of these processes, we augment this survey with in-depth, high-resolution studies of star-forming galaxies back to the earliest epochs with the Atacama Large sub/Millimeter Array (ALMA) and other facilities, from "normal", low-metallicity galaxies all the way to the most intense, massive dusty starbursts. These studies fundamentally enhance our picture of early galaxy evolution by providing a better understanding of the stellar mass buildup, and they provide detailed constraints on the design of planned galaxy surveys in the early universe with the next generation Very Large Array (ngVLA).

Bok Prize Lecture: Gurtina Besla Univ. of Arizona Host: Lars Hernquist Abstract: Our understanding of the dynamics of our Local Group of galaxies has changed dramatically over the past few years owing to significant advancements in astrometry and our theoretical understanding of galaxy structure. I will provide an overview of key contributions by the Hubble Space Telescope to this evolving picture. In particular, I will highlight the impact of the HSTPROMO team’s proper motion measurements of key players in the Local Group, such as the most massive satellites of the Milky Way (the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds), the first direct proper motion measurement of M31 and an implied new orbital history for M33. These results have met with controversy, challenging preconceived notions of the orbital dynamics of key components of the Local Group. They also make concrete predictions and have profound implications for our analysis of upcoming high-precision astrometric data from e.g., Gaia, LSST and JWST.

This zoom starts with a wide spread of sky including many familiar constellations, then closes in on the less dramatic constellation of Fornax (The Furnace), where NGC 1316 is located. This lenticular galaxy bears the scars of a turbulent history, during which it has engulfed smaller galaxies. More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1734b/ Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2/Nick Risinger (skysurvey.org). Music: Jennifer Athena Galatis

The VLT Survey Telescope has captured the most detailed image yet of the galaxy NGC 1316 and its rich surroundings. Discover more in this episode of ESOcast Light. The video is available in 4K UHD. The ESOcast Light is a series of short videos bringing you the wonders of the Universe in bite-sized pieces. The ESOcast Light episodes will not be replacing the standard, longer ESOcasts, but complement them with current astronomy news and images in ESO press releases. More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1734a/ Subscribe to ESOcast in iTunes! https://itunes.apple.com/podcast/esocast-hd/id295471183?mt=2 Receive future episodes on YouTube by pressing the Subscribe button above or follow us on Vimeo: https://vimeo.com/esoastronomy Watch more ESOcast episodes: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/esocast/ Find out how to view and contribute subtitles for the ESOcast in multiple languages, or translate this video on YouTube: http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/ Credit: ESO Visual Design and Editing: Luis Calçada, Petr Horalek Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Rosa Jesse and Richard Hook Music: Movetwo Footage and photos: ESO, N. Risinger (skysurvey.org), L. Calçada, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center and the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist Directed by: Herbert Zodet Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.

A mysterious arc of light found behind a distant cluster of galaxies has turned out to be the biggest, brightest and hottest star-forming region ever seen in space. More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic0312p/ Credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen)

This video shows a pan across the galaxy NGC 4490. The former barred spiral galaxy got its scattered and warped appearance as the result of a past cosmic collision with another galaxy. This collision has created patches of higher density gas and dust in the galaxy, creating perfect conditions for new stars to form. The pink pockets of light visible in the galaxy are dense clouds of ionised hydrogen, glowing as they are irradiated with ultraviolet light from nearby young, hot stars. More information and download options: http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1716a/ Credit: ESA/Hubble Music credit: Astral Electronic

Get a free one month trial at The Great Courses Plus: http://ow.ly/AVDF30fiZ33 The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US market. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally. Have you ever wondered how you can find the Andromeda Galaxy with your naked eye? It's actually not that hard and is readily visible in the Fall Night Sky. If you like this content, please consider supporting Deep Astronomy on Patreon: https://patreon.com/DeepAstronomy Listen to Deep Astronomy on Anchor: https://Anchor.fm/DeepAstronomy Created with Stellarium Open Source Software: http://www.stellarium.org/ Original Music - Mark C. Petersen, Lochness Productions: https://www.lochnessproductions.com/ Follow DeepAstronomy on Twitter: @DeepAstronomy Like DeepAstronomy on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DeepAstronomy/ Like Space Fan News on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SpaceFanNews/

This visualization traverses the CANDELS Ultra Deep Survey (UDS) field to showcase the varied appearances of galaxies and their three-dimensional distribution. The sequence features a dense cluster of galaxies about 6 billion light-years away and extends to galaxies at more than twice that distance. Because the light from these galaxies has travelled for billions of years across space, the images show the galaxies as they appeared billions of years ago. In addition, the expansion of space has redshifted the light of these galaxies toward longer wavelengths (i.e., to the red end of the visible-light region and into the infrared-light region). The changes seen in galaxies during the fly-through illustrate the changes in galaxy structure and appearance over billions of years of cosmic history. CANDELS is an acronym for the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey project. One of the largest projects ever done with the Hubble Space Telescope, CANDELS surveyed five fields to study the development of galaxies over time. The CANDELS observations of the UDS field complement ground-based observations from the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope. Astronomers and visual artists extracted over 26,000 galaxies from the Hubble UDS images and created a computer model based on the measured and estimated properties. Note that the distances used in the visualization are significantly compressed for cinematic purposes. Credits: NASA, ESA, F. Summers, J. DePasquale, G. Bacon, and Z. Levay (STScI) Acknowledgement: H. Ferguson, A. Koekemoer, and the CANDELS Team Music: "Rotisserie Graveyard" by Doctor Turtle CC BY 4.0 Download movie files at: http://hubblesite.org/video/984/science

On Aug. 26, scientists with the Breakthrough Listen initiative detected 15 fast radio bursts originating from a galaxy 3 billion light years away.

It’s a mystery that’s puzzled astronomers for years. Which came first, supermassive black holes or the galaxies that surround them? Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEIt... Chad Weber - [email protected] Chloe Cain - Instagram: @chloegwen2001 Every time astronomers look farther out in the Universe, they discover new mysteries. These mysteries require all new tools and techniques to understand. These mysteries lead to more mysteries. What I’m saying is that it’s mystery turtles all the way down. One of the most fascinating is the discovery of quasars, understanding what they are, and the unveiling of an even deeper mystery, where do they come from? As always, I’m getting ahead of myself, so first, let’s go back and talk about the discovery of quasars. Back in the 1950s, astronomers scanned the skies using radio telescopes, and found a class of bizarre objects in the distant Universe. They were very bright, and incredibly far away; hundreds of millions or even billion of light-years away. The first ones were discovered in the radio spectrum, but over time, astronomers found even more blazing in the visible spectrum. The astronomer Hong-Yee Chiu coined the term “quasar”, which stood for quasi-stellar object. They were like stars, shining from a single point source, but they clearly weren’t stars, blazing with more radiation than an entire galaxy. Over the decades, astronomers puzzled out the nature of quasars, learning that they were actually black holes, actively feeding and blasting out radiation, visible billions of light-years away. But they weren’t the stellar mass black holes, which were known to be from the death of giant stars. These were supermassive black holes, with millions or even billions of times the mass of the Sun. As far back as the 1970s, astronomers considered the possibility that there might be these supermassive black holes at the heart of many other galaxies, even the Milky Way. In 1974, astronomers discovered a radio source at the center of the Milky Way emitting radiation. It was titled Sagittarius A*, with an asterisk that stands for “exciting”, well, in the “excited atoms” perspective. This would match the emissions of a supermassive black hole that wasn’t actively feeding on material. Our own galaxy could have been a quasar in the past, or in the future, but right now, the black hole was mostly silent, apart from this subtle radiation. Astronomers needed to be certain, so they performed a detailed survey of the very center of the Milky Way in the infrared spectrum, which allowed them to see through the gas and dust that obscures the core in visible light. They discovered a group of stars orbiting Sagittarius A-star, like comets orbiting the Sun. Only a black hole with millions of times the mass of the Sun could provide the kind of gravitational anchor to whip these stars around in such bizarre orbits. Further surveys found a supermassive black hole at the heart of the Andromeda Galaxy, in fact, it appears as if these monsters are at the center of almost every galaxy in the Universe. But how did they form? Where did they come from? Did the galaxy form first, and cause the black hole to form at the middle, or did the black hole form, and build up a galaxy around them?

This visualisation shows a jellyfish galaxy in the three-dimensional view of the MUSE instrument on ESO's Very Large Telescope. This combines the normal two-dimensional view with the third dimension of wavelength. This galaxy has undergone jam pressure stripping as it moves rapidly into the hot gas in a galaxy cluster, and streamers of gas and young stars are trailing behind it. These show up as the tentacles extending away from the galaxy as they have different velocities. A 3D interactive view of this galaxy is available. More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1725b/ Credit: ESO/Callum Bellhouse and the GASP collaboration