GRAVITY

In this week's questions show, I explain how we now where gravitational waves are coming from, will there be planets around a white dwarf, what does it feel like where the space station is getting boosted, and if I'm an arrogant fool. 01:11 Gravitational wave directions 03:36 White dwarf planets 04:59 Antimatter farts 05:45 Our time in the Universe 07:51 Boosting the space station 08:57 Why am I an arrogant fool 12:06 Why do stars and planets look the same 15:05 Can the Grand Tour happen again 16:48 Best place for Martian fossils 18:45 Getting into astrophotography 22:46 Space dogfighting 25:08 Put Hubble in a museum Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio Video Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/bh/podcast/universe-today-video/id794057165?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/video What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] Chloe Cain - Instagram: @chloegwen2001

Truly understanding black holes requires the curved space-time of general relativity. Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/yZjj30k3oXw The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US, UK, and Australian markets. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally. ________________________________ VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS Relativity Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOVL_fPox2K_vPTkNljpO0qG_H--J_frW What Are Neutron Stars? https://youtu.be/KdFpyEFHCEM How Fast Is Light? https://youtu.be/a9T26ItpcDA Does The Future Exist? https://youtu.be/5qCFct4AZGA ________________________________ RELATED YOUTUBE VIDEOS PBS Space Time on Black Holes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNaEBbFbvcY&list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x ________________________________ SUPPORT THE SCIENCE ASYLUM Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ScienceAsylum Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook): https://gumroad.com/l/ubSc Merchandise: http://shop.spreadshirt.com/scienceasylum/ ________________________________ HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE PATRONS ** Einsteinium Level Crazy ** Daniel Bahr, Ilya Yashin, Drake Dragon (TMDrake), Morgan Williams, Rick Finn ** Platinum Level Crazy ** Mikayla Eckel Cifrese, David Bronakowski, Robert J Zapolis, Nicholas Ursa, Evgeny Ivanov ________________________________ LINKS TO COMMENTS Black Holes Don't Suck: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HKH1ZjGutA&lc=UgwEPVE9TiwNGrJRp8B4AaABAg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2-UJAEJzcc&lc=UgwZ_Jik2XxdwSHYfcZ4AaABAg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACCeFVeT984&lc=Ugg46Nzs7bsPhngCoAEC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vmi_h5A8B2k&lc=UghBxkv5IGMuungCoAEC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sute9QjIRGA&lc=UggOUdgfdA205XgCoAEC Black Holes Rotate: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xr_h4sSMwPw&lc=UgzdfU_2jHCyhbVrBot4AaABAg ________________________________ IMAGE CREDITS NASA Big Bang: https://youtu.be/LeUcjqqhNxM

Full podcast episodes: http://www.askaspaceman.com Support: http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter Follow: http://www.twitter.com/PaulMattSutter and http://www.facebook.com/PaulMattSutter How did Einstein develop General Relativity? What does it mean for space to be curved anyway? And just how do these gravitational waves work, anyhow? I answer these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman! Follow all the show updates at http://www.askaspaceman.com, and help support the show at http://www.patreon.com/pmsutter! Keep those questions about space, science, astronomy, astrophysics, and cosmology coming to #AskASpaceman for COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE OF TIME AND SPACE! Music by Jason Grady and Nick Bain.

Today, it's nearly impossible to believe the Earth is anything but round. But for most of our history, humans have thought Earth was flat. The one concept our ancient ancestors were missing was gravity. Gravity's effects are the key to determining whether the Earth is actually flat, or not. On a sphere, gravity pulls in the same direction everywhere on the surface. But on a disc, gravity changes direction as you move toward the edge. At the center, you feel a downward pull just like on spherical Earth. But as you move out, gravity starts pulling sideways as well as a downwards. This would wreak havoc on sports played in different parts of the world. A ball thrown straight up in the air mid-way out, would curve down and backward toward the disc's center. Plus, a ball thrown mid-way out wouldn't go nearly as high or far as a ball thrown up at the edge where gravity's downward pull is practically zero. But sports are just the beginning. Since plant stems grow opposite to the direction of gravity, an effect called negative gravitropism, you'll see forests grow at an increasingly sharp angle the farther you are from the center. Continue toward the edge and you feel like you're climbing a hill that's growing steeper with each step as the backward pull of gravity takes over. At Earth’s end, that hill will feel like a 90-degree cliff, pulling you back to the center. But if you could make it over the edge, and stand on the thin outer part of the disc, you'll feel downward pull just like on spherical Earth. However, living here would be like living in a desert. Gravity's backward effects pull on the oceans too, making it impossible for any water to reach the edge. Instead, sea levels will gradually rise as you travel in, making the world's center an aquatic metropolis. So, the next time you see an apple fall straight to the ground, thank your lucky stars that Earth is round. Because if it were flat, that apple might actually hit you in the face. Tech Insider tells you all you need to know about tech: gadgets, how-to's, gaming, science, digital culture, and more. Subscribe to our channel and visit us at: http://www.businessinsider.com/sai TI on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/techinsider TI on Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/tech_insider/ TI on Twitter: https://twitter.com/techinsider

In orbital mechanics and aerospace engineering, a gravitational slingshot, gravity assist maneuver, or swing-by is the use of the relative movement and gravity of a planet or other astronomical object to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft, typically to save propellant, time, and expense. Gravity assistance can be used to accelerate a spacecraft, that is, to increase or decrease its speed or redirect its path. Credit: CSA Follow Us: Facebook: https://goo.gl/QapZAe Twitter: https://goo.gl/RoQSmJ

Dr Paul Lasky and Dr Eric Thrane. Have you heard the news of the detection of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star merger (GW170817) in the constellation of Hydra?  This is a momentous event in physics and astronomy and will go down as one of the highlights of 21st century science.   Several researchers in the School of Physics & Astronomy at Monash University were involved in this work, including Dr Paul Lasky and Dr Eric Thrane who gave this Public Lecture.

The 2017 Nobel prize for physics was awarded for the breakthrough discovery of these awesome waves.

The basic laws of gravity can explain almost anything in the world right from how an apple falls from a tree to why the moon revolves around the earth. With satellites and spacecrafts being sent far beyond earth, gravity may be the one thing that solves many of the universe’s mysteries. So what are the laws that explain concepts that seem so mind boggling?

What are gravitational waves and how are they detected? These ripples in space-time, sometimes caused by neutron stars colliding, were recently recorded in the groundbreaking LIGO-Virgo observation. ➡ Subscribe: http://bit.ly/NatGeoSubscribe About National Geographic: National Geographic is the world's premium destination for science, exploration, and adventure. Through their world-class scientists, photographers, journalists, and filmmakers, Nat Geo gets you closer to the stories that matter and past the edge of what's possible. Get More National Geographic: Official Site: http://bit.ly/NatGeoOfficialSite Facebook: http://bit.ly/FBNatGeo Twitter: http://bit.ly/NatGeoTwitter Instagram: http://bit.ly/NatGeoInsta Gravitational Waves 101 | National Geographic https://youtu.be/AsJLX2qLFpE National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/natgeo

More Info: http://www.caltech.edu/news/ligo-and-virgo-make-first-detection-gravitational-waves-produced-colliding-neutron-stars-80082 On Aug. 17, 2017, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) and Virgo detected, for the first time, gravitational waves from the collision of two neutron stars. The event was not only “heard” in gravitational waves but also seen in light by dozens of telescopes on the ground and in space. Learn more about what this rare astronomy event taught us in a new video from LIGO and Virgo. Credit: LIGO-Virgo

Astronomers unlocked one of the universe's best-kept secrets. Since the '50s, scientists have wondered: Where do most of the elements in the periodic table come from? We know that elements like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen are forged in the hot, dense cores of massive stars. But even stars aren't powerful enough to create heavy elements like silver, gold, and cesium. Turns out, the origin of 2/3 of the periodic table is unconfirmed. Now, a single event has given scientists a vital clue. Astronomers witnessed the collision of two neutron stars in a distant galaxy located 130 million light years from Earth. Neutron stars are ultra-dense stellar remnants. In fact, they're the densest matter in the universe. When two neutron stars merge, it creates an explosion more powerful than 1,000 supernovae. As the neutron stars spiraled in, they produced gravitational waves. LIGO and VIRGO first detected the waves on Aug. 17. Two seconds later, the Fermi space telescope measured a burst of high-energy radiation from the explosion. But these 2 measurements alone couldn't solve the puzzle. Astronomers needed to see the event in visible light. The first to spot the event with their own eyes was a team with the Carnegie Institute for Science. Initially, the explosion they saw looked bright blue. But after four days it dimmed to a dull red. The red color comes from a specific set of heavy elements that are produced by a process called the ligh r-process. But the blue color is a mystery. Some theorists suggest it's the result of a different set of elements called heavy r-process elements. But data from similar collisions are needed to be sure. This is the first time scientists have combined gravitational wave measurements with visible light. Who knows what new secrets may be unlocked next time? Read more: http://www.businessinsider.com/sai FACEBOOK: https://www.facebook.com/techinsider TWITTER: https://twitter.com/techinsider INSTAGRAM: https://www.instagram.com/tech_insider/

What toys do Astronauts play with in space? Aboard the International Space Station, Expedition 53 Commander Randy Bresnik and Flight Engineer Joe Acaba of NASA discussed life and research on the orbital outpost during an in-flight educational event Oct. 6 with students at the Gaylord St. Mary Cathedral School in Gaylord, Michigan. One young students asks what toys astronauts play with in space. Bresnik launched to the station in July and is scheduled to be on station through mid-December, while Acaba is in the first month of a planned five-and-a-half month mission on the laboratory. On March 2017, after agreements with RSA, NASA announced that Joseph Acaba will be assigned to Expedition 53 and 54 crews which previously included only Mark Vande Hei and Alexander Misurkin. Shannon Walker will train as a backup for Acaba. Learn more about Astronauts at http://www.spacetv.net/astronauts/ Learn more about the International Space Station at http://www.spacetv.net/iss-international-space-station/ Credit: NASA

In his public lecture at Perimeter on October 4, 2017, Dr. Erik Verlinde explored the core ideas behind this research into emergent gravity, and examine the implications of this potential revolution in our understanding of the universe. Watch more Perimeter public lectures: https://insidetheperimeter.ca/video/public-lectures/

Astronomy based on gravitational waves has been primarily done by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, known as LIGO. But recently, VIRGO, ran by the European Gravitational Observatory, was turned on to operational data gathering, and the first jointly detected gravitational wave has been found. Jared brings us this story === CONTINUE THE CONVERSATION === Twitter.com/TMRO Facebook.com/TMROTV YouTube.com/TMRO Reddit.com/r/tmro Twitch.tv/TMRO TMRO.tv === OUR REAL-TIME DISCORD CHANNEL === All of the TMRO Shows are created and maintained in our Discord channel. Escape Velocity Patrons have access to a special room, but we also have free #general rooms that anyone can participate in. Join in for free at https://discord.gg/9NkkFWD === TMRO IS CROWD FUNDED === TMRO:Space is a crowd funded show. If you like this episode consider contributing to help us to continue to improve. Head over to http://www.patreon.com/tmro for information plus our all new goals and reward levels

Scientists Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne, and Barry Barish won this year's Physics Nobel Prize for their efforts that helped lead to the first measurement of gravitational waves in 2015 by the LIGO team. The detection, which even defies Einstein's predictions, is considered to be the discovery of the century. This groundbreaking discovery will enable further research that will completely transform our understanding of the universe. http://www.businessinsider.com/2017-nobel-prize-in-physics-gravitational-waves-kip-thorne-rainer-weiss-barry-barish-2017-10 http://www.wochit.com This video was produced by YT Wochit Tech using http://wochit.com

Stream episodes on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly) This episode is bought with the help of brilliant.org….math and science done right. Learn to think like a scientist with their carefully curated games and puzzles. Have fun learning… and help support SpaceTime by using this link so they know you came from us… www.brilliant.org/stuartgary Thank you…. *Fourth gravitational wave detection Astronomers have achieved a fourth gravitational wave detection of merging stellar mass black holes. The new discovery was a combined effort between the existing LIGO Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detectors in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington together with the New European VIRGO detector near Pisa in Italy. *Discovery of a pitch black planet that eats light. NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has observed a planet outside our solar system that looks as black as fresh asphalt because it eats light rather than reflecting it back into space. This light-eating prowess is due to the planet's unique capability to trap at least 94 percent of the visible starlight falling into its atmosphere. ^New Pluto mission proposal NASA has received a new proposal for a surface mission to Pluto. The new plan would follow on from the highly successful New Horizons spacecraft which undertook an historic close flyby of Pluto its binary partner Charon, and their five moons back in July 2015. *New Earth Observation satellite The CSIRO has joined a project developing and operating one of the world’s most sophisticated Earth observation satellites. The 430 kilogram Synthetic Aperture Radar remote sensing satellite – known as the NovaSAR -- will launch later this year on an Indian PSLV rocket. *NROL-42 spy satellite launched An Atlas V rocket has blasted into orbit from the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California carry a secret National Reconnaissance Office satellite. The NROL-42 mission blasted off into black late-night skies which seemed more than appropriate for such a clandestine flight. *Russian Navigation satellite launched Russia has launched the latest member of its Glonass satellite navigation system. The Russian Military Air and Space Forces Soyuz 2.1b rocket carrying the Glonass-M satellite was launched from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome north of Moscow. *The Science Report A new clue in combating aggressive brain tumours. A nine week expedition to the lost continent of Zealandia returns to port in Hobart. A new study finds that teens get their bad moods from their friends. New evidence claims modern humans were settling in the America’s some 13 thousand years ago. People who tend to trust their intuition are more likely to hold inaccurate beliefs. For Enhanced Show Notes, including photos to accompany this episode: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetime-show-notes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including iTunes, audioBoom, Stitcher, Pocketcasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected]tesz.com Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list For more, follow SpaceTime on Facebook, twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, Instagram, Google+, Patreon and Spreaker: Facebook: @spacetimewithstuartgary twitter: @stuartgary Tumblr: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/spacetimewithstuartgary/ Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/2/collection/cabtNB YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhpBkuHSLfIRnliLB12HoC1QE0rwr8qRS Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Spreaker: https://www.spreaker.com/show/spacetime-with-stuart-gary-2017 If you're enjoying SpaceTime, please help out by sharing and telling your friends. The best recommendation I can get is one from you. Thank you…

2017-09-21 - Did you know that a spacecraft can use a planet’s gravity to change its orbit? For example, on September 22, 2017, the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft will use Earth’s gravity to change its orbit and help put it on course to asteroid Bennu, its target destination. With the help of this gravity assist, OSIRIS-REx is due to arrive at the asteroid in August 2018. Learn more about the OSIRIS-REx asteroid-sample return mission: http://asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/osiris-rex. (Credit: Canadian Space Agency) Useful Links The OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/osiris-rex/ Find out more about this video: http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/search/video/watch.asp?v=1_eoxgd0cn

Check out all of TED-Ed's book recommendations: http://ed.ted.com/books Check out Neil deGrasse Tyson's "Astrophysics for People in a Hurry": https://shop.ed.ted.com/collections/ted-ed-book-recommendations/products/astrophysics-for-people-in-a-hurry View full lesson: https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-gravitational-waves-amber-l-stuver In September 2015, scientists witnessed something never seen before: two black holes colliding. Both about 30 times as big as our Sun, they had been orbiting each other for millions of years. A fraction of a second before the crash, they sent a vibration across the universe at the speed of light that was picked up by the LIGO detector. So what are these ripples in space? Amber L. Stuver explains. Lesson by Amber L. Stuver, directed by Eoin Duffy. Thank you so much to our patrons for your support! Without you this video would not be possible. Be Owusu, Susan Herder, Yalda A., Savannah Scheelings, Prasanth Mathialagan, Javier Rojas Dominguez, Yanira Santamaria, Dawn Jordan, Monica Grace Ward, Daniel Mardale, Constantin Salagor, Activated Classroom Teaching, Kevin Wong, Umar Farooq, Goh Xiang Ting Diana, Mohammad Khory, Dmitry Neverov, Tushar Sharma, Mukamik, Tsz Lung, Cristóbal Medina Moenne. Check out our Patreon page here: https://www.patreon.com/teded

LIGO may have just detected gravitational waves from the collision of two Neutron Stars. And go to http://curiositystream.com/spacetime for two months of free Curiosity Stream. Use the promo code "spacetime" during the sign-up process. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=S4aqGI1mSqo Links to the videos mentioned: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw-i_VKd6Wo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Tstyqz2g7o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eJ2RNBAFLj0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0&t=71 Last year LIGO announced the detection of gravitational waves from the merger of two black holes. The science world went a little crazy. Only a few weeks ago a new rumour emerged: that LIGO had, for the first time, spotted gravitational waves from the collision of a pair of neutron stars. If it’s true, some long-standing astrophysical mysteries are about to be unlocked. Written and Hosted by Matt O’Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Graphics by Kurt Ross Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Richard Senegor Quasar Tambe Barsbay Max Levine Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Hypernova Edmund Fokschaner Max Levine Eugene Lawson Chuck Zegar Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Joseph Salomone Martha Hunt Craig Peterson Barry Hatfield Matthew O’Connor Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Scott Gossett Mark Dykstra Peter Durocher Michael Kers Chris Hicks Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Jared Moore Michal-Peanut Karmi Bernardo Higuera Erik Stein Daniel Lyons Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell J Rejc Amy Jie Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Shannan Catalano Florian Stinglmayr Yubo Du Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Jessica Fraley Loro Lukic Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss

Like my shirt? Get yours here! www.answerswithjoe.com/shirts Support me on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/answerswithjoe Follow me at all my places! Instagram: https://instagram.com/answerswithjoe Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/answerswithjoe Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/answerswithjoe Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/answerswithjoe LINKS LINKS LINKS: Stress-Energy tensor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1AomGV0WHw Newton’s Cannonball https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ymC6fuX03ns Vertasium https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ztc6QPNUqls VSauce https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VNqNnUJVcVs Gravity 3d animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hH69B0Oc2Og Higgs field animation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ILLQUilpzg https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity#Alternative_theories https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_Newtonian_dynamics https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon_particle TRANSCRIPT: Of all the fundamental forces, Gravity is the most fundamental to our experience on this planet. We’ve always known that what goes up must come down, though we never really knew why. Aristotle believed that objects fell toward Earth because they wanted to move toward their “natural state”. Because Aristotle was wrong about everything. Galileo proved that objects fall at the same rate regardless of how heavy they are, and that they fall at a constant acceleration of 9.8 meters per second squared. Sir Isaac Newton was the first to grasp that gravity was an attractive force between objects with mass and was able to devise the equations around gravity that we still use today. Then Einstein redefined our understanding of gravity as a curvature in space-time caused by objects with mass. Now, a common misconception is that gravity doesn’t work in outer space because we always see astronauts in zero gravity. And if you’re anything like me, you grew up seeing this and just thought that the further you get away from the earth’s surface, the less gravity affects you, and that’s why astronauts get to float around all cool up there like that. But that’s not how it works. That’s not how any of this works. The reason these astronauts are floating is because they’re in orbit around the planet. And orbit is basically a state of always falling. So being on the ISS is basically like constantly being in an elevator that’s plummeting toward the ground. Some people, myself included, originally mistook the higgs boson as the force carrier for gravity because when you look at the standard model of particle physics, the other three fundamental forces all have force carrier particles called bosons. Specifically, photons, gluons, and w and z bosons. But the higgs boson is the force carrier of the higgs mechanism, which is a totally different thing. So I was wrong. I know, go figure. But because all the other forces have force carrier particles, it was assumed that gravity would as well, which scientists called the graviton. The graviton, if it exists, would be massless, because it works over unlimited distances, and would be a spin-2 boson, also known as a tensor boson. It’s been theorized a massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from gravitation, because a massless spin-2 field would couple to the stress–energy tensor in the same way that gravitational interactions do. Gravitons also pose a problem with a mathematical issue called renormalization. These issues have spurred some researchers to look for answers outside of quantum field theory like in string theory. Some have tried to merge the supersymmetry found in string theory with general relativity in what they call Supergravity. In the 80’s a theory called Modified Newtonian Dynamics, or MOND was introduced which tries to explain the movement of stars in galaxies without the use of Dark Matter. Later, in 2004, MOND got modified further to create tensor-vector-scalar gravity which relies on a relativistic lagrangian density that maintains the law of conservation of energy. Another popular idea is Erik Verlinde’s entropic gravity, which argues that gravity is an emergent force that arises from entropy itself and not a fundamental force at all. And who can forget the chameleon particle theory, which has a variable effective mass that is an increasing function of the ambient energy density, meaning the particle’s mass changes to cause different effects on the particles around it. So strangely, the first force we were aware of has become the last to be fully understood. And the one that, if we do ever fully understand it, would unlock the secrets of the universe.

NASA astronaut Jack Fischer demonstrates what happens to liquids when there's no gravity.

The International Space Station is a one-of-a-kind spot for scientists who want to do experiments where there’s no gravity, to find out how other natural forces function without gravity’s influence. In this “SpeedyTime” segment, Expedition 52 flight engineer Jack Fischer uses a few simple tools to demonstrate what happens to water in space when there’s no pull of gravity. _______________________________________ FOLLOW THE SPACE STATION! Twitter: https://twitter.com/Space_Station Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ISS Instagram: https://instagram.com/iss/

Doing groundbreaking science can mean working with dangerous materials; how do the astronauts on the International Space Station protect themselves and their ship in those cases? They use the Microgravity Science Glovebox: in this “SpeedyTime” segment Expedition 52 flight engineer Peggy Whitson pulls a rack out of the wall of the Destiny Laboratory to show us how astronauts access a sealed environment for science and technology experiments that involve potentially hazardous materials. HD Link: https://archive.org/details/jsc2017m000728_SpeedyTime-4_Microgravity_Science_Gloveboxx_201708 _______________________________________ FOLLOW THE SPACE STATION! Twitter: https://twitter.com/Space_Station Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/ISS Instagram: https://instagram.com/iss/

Gravitation wave theory. On my next break I'll do a quick video! But for now here's a quick sample of what I'll talk about... this blueberry fell into my cup of coffee and caused ripples. On the cosmic scale strong gravitational objects like rapidly spinning neutron stars or black holes orbiting one another can cause gravitational waves aka disruptions in space time in the form of RIPPLES that MOVE at the SPEED OF LIGHT. (**DISCLAIMER MY COFFEE DOES NOT MOVE AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT**) ☕️💡 Woohoo!! I managed to get this on my lunch break haha!! Back to set! Hope you guys like this!!

The LISA Pathfinder mission ends on 18 July 2017 after a successful demonstration of the technology needed to detect gravitational waves in space. These vibrations in spacetime, first predicted by Einstein over a hundred years ago, are produced by huge astronomical events - such as two black holes colliding - and will allow scientists to open new windows into our universe. The success of the LISA Pathfinder mission has paved the way for the newly selected LISA mission which, when built and launched, will detect gravitational waves from objects up to a million times larger than our Sun. The film features interview soundbites from Dr Paul McNamara, LISA Pathfinder Project Scientist, at the European Space Agency’s European Technology and Science facility (ESTEC) in The Netherlands. More about LISA Pathfinder: http://sci.esa.int/lisa-pathfinder/

Our everyday experience with gravity is that of an attractive force: it pulls things closer. But we’ve discovered a very peculiar property about our expanding universe: the expansion is accelerating, as if some repulsive force is pushing it apart. Why and how does this unknown 'dark energy' push the cosmos? This strange, fundamental question is one that NASA’s WFIRST telescope is designed to address. That same technology will also allow us to learn more about exoplanets in new ways, and will provide us with images that are ~100x larger in area than Hubble and Webb. The WFIRST mission will set the stage to usher in a new era of understanding about our universe. Speaker: Amber Straughn, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Host: Dr. Frank Summers Recorded live on June 27, 2017 at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, MD, USA For more information: http://hubblesite.org/about_us/public_talks/

We’ve now had multiple detections of gravitational waves, opening up a whole new field: gravitational astronomy. We talk about the detections made so far, and how we can see the Universe in a whole new way. Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii Chad Weber - [email protected] Just a couple of weeks ago, astronomers from Caltech announced their third detection of gravitational waves from the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory or LIGO. As with the previous two detections, astronomers have determined that the waves were generated when two intermediate-mass black holes slammed into each other, sending out ripples of distorted spacetime. One black hole had 31.2 times the mass of the Sun, while the other had 19.4 solar masses. The two spiraled inward towards each other, until they merged into a single black hole with 48.7 solar masses. And if you do the math, twice the mass of the Sun was converted into gravitational waves as the black holes merged. These gravitational waves traveled outward from the colossal collision at the speed of light, stretching and compressing spacetime like a tsunami wave crossing the ocean until they reached Earth, located about 2.9 billion light-years away. The waves swept past each of the two LIGO facilities, located in different parts of the United States, stretching the length of carefully calibrated laser measurements. And from this, researchers were able to detect the direction, distance and strength of the original merger. Seriously, if this isn’t one of the coolest things you’ve ever heard, I’m clearly easily impressed. Now that the third detection has been made, I think it’s safe to say we’re entering a brand new field of gravitational astronomy. In the coming decades, astronomers will use gravitational waves to peer into regions they could never see before. Being able to perceive gravitational waves is like getting a whole new sense. It’s like having eyes and then suddenly getting the ability to perceive sound. This whole new science will take decades to unlock, and we’re just getting started. As Einstein predicted, any mass moving through space generates ripples in spacetime. When you’re just walking along, you’re actually generating tiny ripples. If you can detect these ripples, you can work backwards to figure out what size of mass made the ripples, what direction it was moving, etc. Even in places that you couldn’t see in any other way. Let me give you a couple of examples. Black holes, obviously, are the low hanging fruit. When they’re not actively feeding, they’re completely invisible, only detectable by how they gravitational attract objects or bend light from objects passing behind them. But seen in gravitational waves, they’re like ships moving across the ocean, leaving ripples of distorted spacetime behind them. With our current capabilities through LIGO, astronomers can only detect the most massive objects moving at a significant portion of the speed of light. A regular black hole merger doesn’t do the trick - there’s not enough mass. Even a supermassive black hole merger isn’t detectable yet because these mergers seem to happen too slowly. This is why all the detections so far have been intermediate-mass black holes with dozens of times the mass of our Sun. And we can only detect them at the moment that they’re merging together, when they’re generating the most intense gravitational waves. If we can boost the sensitivity of our gravitational wave detectors, we should be able to spot mergers of less and more massive black holes. But merging isn’t the only thing they do. Black holes are born when stars with many more times the mass of our Sun collapse in on themselves and explode as supernovae. Some stars, we’ve now learned just implode as black holes, never generating the supernovae, so this process happens entirely hidden from us. Is there a singularity at the center of a black hole event horizon, or is there something there, some kind of object smaller than a neutron star, but bigger than an infinitely small point? As black holes merge together, we could see beyond the event horizon with gravitational waves, mapping out the invisible region within to get a sense of what’s going on down there. We want to know about even less massive objects like neutron stars, which can also form from a supernova explosion. These neutron stars can orbit one another and merge generating some of the most powerful explosions in the Universe: gamma ray bursts. But do neutron stars have surface features? Different densities? Could we detect a wobble in the gravitational waves in the last moments before a merger?

This week, the first science results from the Juno spacecraft around Jupiter are in; the LIGO collaboration has discovered its third gravitational wave event; astronomers warn that flares from red dwarf stars may threaten any life on exoplanets in orbit around them; and NASA’s next big space observatory, the WFIRST mission, is facing a funding crisis. Links to this week's stories: Juno First Results: This week, the first science results from the Juno spacecraft around Jupiter are in; the LIGO collaboration has discovered its third gravitational wave event; astronomers warn that flares from red dwarf stars may threaten any life on exoplanets in orbit around them; and NASA’s next big space observatory, the WFIRST mission, is facing a funding crisis. LIGO Finds Third Black Hole Merger via Gravitational Waves: https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20170601 Red Dwarf Flares not good for life: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2017-161 NASA's WFIRST Gets a Financial Review: https://www.nature.com/articles/n-12339962?WT.mc_id=TWT_NatureNews&sf86108167=1 Consider supporting Space Fan News: https://patreon.com/DeepAstronomy to ensure you get current space & astronomy news each week! Space Fan News Theme by Stephen Dubois available for download here: http://ancienteyesmusic.com Follow DeepAstronomy on Twitter: @DeepAstronomy Like DeepAstronomy on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/DeepAstronomy/ Like Space Fan News on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SpaceFanNews/ Follow DeepAstronomy on Google+ http://google.com/+DeepAstronomy http://google.com/+TonyDarnell We also have a great Google+ Community, come share your thoughts and join the discussion! https://plus.google.com/communities/109849939648748938781t

Evidence has shown that almost 85% of the matter in the universe is unaccounted for, but scientists now think they might have a way to fix that. Gravitational Waves Discovered! Here's What You Need To Know - https://youtu.be/72AQsQ2v5cA Edge Of Space: Seeker VR - https://youtu.be/pCve1w1GFOs Sign Up For The Seeker Newsletter Here - http://bit.ly/1UO1PxI We got nominated for a People's Choice Webby! That means, you can help us win. Please, take a minute and vote for us here (thanks!): https://vote.webbyawards.com/PublicVoting#/2017/film-video/general-film/vr-cinematic-or-pre-rendered Read More: Astronomers Are Attempting to Capture the First-Ever Photograph of a Black Hole https://www.seeker.com/space/astronomy/astronomers-are-attempting-to-capture-the-first-ever-photograph-of-a-black-hole "A system of radio telescopes around the world is peering at the gigantic black hole at the center of the Milky Way, a behemoth called Sagittarius A*." Gravitational Waves vs. Gravity Waves: Know the Difference! https://www.seeker.com/gravitational-waves-vs-gravity-waves-know-the-difference-1770854571.html "Though you'll likely see many news headlines heralding the wonders of 'gravity wave science', do not fall into the trap! While both have gravity in common, gravity waves and gravitational waves are two very different beasts. Read on to find out why and then show off your gravitational smarts to your friends the next time you're down the pub." Black hole mergers and the QCD axion at Advanced LIGO https://journals.aps.org/prd/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.043001 "In the next few years, Advanced LIGO (aLIGO) may see gravitational waves (GWs) from thousands of black hole (BH) mergers. This marks the beginning of a new precision tool for physics. Here we show how to search for new physics beyond the standard model using this tool." ____________________ Seeker inspires us to see the world through the lens of science and evokes a sense of curiosity, optimism and adventure. Watch More Seeker on our website http://www.seeker.com/shows/ Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel Seeker on Twitter http://twitter.com/seeker Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez Seeker on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/SeekerMedia/ Seeker on Google+ https://plus.google.com/u/0/+dnews Seeker http://www.seeker.com/ Sign Up For The Seeker Newsletter Here: http://bit.ly/1UO1PxI Special thanks to Julian Huguet for hosting and writing this episode of Seeker! Check Julian out on Twitter: https://twitter.com/jhug00

Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1 Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Hello Everyone! Welcome to OUR Universe! If you've enjoyed the video... click the LIKE button! If you want to support the channel... click the SUBSCRIBE button! TITLE: The Gravity Of Other Planets LINKS: 1. Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_gravity 2. Astronomy Notes: http://www.astronomynotes.com/solarsys/s2.htm 3. Space.com http://www.space.com/10900-solar-system-planets-scale-infographic.html OTHER VIDEOS: 1. The Origins Of Gravity https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZO6KanqaACc 2. Is Jupiter A Failed Star? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfVnkiM0jVw 3. Light Is A Time Machine! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4VEOTS5x_Y Thanks for Watching! Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1

The Hubble Space Telescope captured an image of a quasar named 3C 186 that is offset from the center of its galaxy. Astronomers hypothesize that this supermassive black hole was jettisoned from the center of its galaxy by the recoil from gravitational waves produced by the merging of two supermassive black holes. Read more: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/gravitational-wave-kicks-monster-black-hole-out-of-galactic-core Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/Katrina Jackson Music credit: "Stealth Car" by Tom Sue [GEMA] and Zac Singer [GEMA]; Ed. Berlin Production Music/Universal Publishing Production Music GmbH GEMA; Berlin Production Music; Killer Tracks Production Music This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12539 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Or subscribe to NASA’s Goddard Shorts HD Podcast: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/iTunes/f0004_index.html Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc/ · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard/ · Google+ http://plus.google.com/+NASAGoddard/posts

Host: Edo Berger Speaker: Brian Metzger The discovery of coalescing binary black holes by Advanced LIGO heralds the birth of a new field of research: gravitational wave (GW) astronomy. Coalescing neutron star (NS) binaries are among the new GW sources expected over the next few years. Maximizing the knowledge gained from this discovery will require identifying a coincident electromagnetic counterpart. One promising counterpart is an optical/IR flare, powered by the radioactive decay of neutron-rich elements synthesized in the merger ejecta (a so-called `kilonova'). Beyond providing a beacon to the GW chirp, kilonovae probe one of the dominant astrophysics sites for creating the heaviest elements in the Universe via rapid neutron capture (r-process) nucleosynthesis. I will describe how the lifetime of the hypermassive NS created during a NS-NS merger impacts the light curves and color of kilonovae, and how this affects the ongoing strategy of LIGO electromagnetic follow-up. A small fraction of short gamma-ray bursts are accompanied by long-lived X-ray emission, which may suggest that some mergers result in the formation of long-lived - or even indefinitely stable - NS remnants. If this association is confirmed, this would place stringent constraints on the equation of state of nuclear density matter.

Fresh suspicions have reopened the case against dark matter, forcing a fundamental rethink of the familiar force that keeps our feet on the ground. Read more: http://ow.ly/LFXO309VNmf

Victoria Kaspi (McGill University) explains the effort to detect gravitational waves from neutron stars during her 2016 public lectures at Perimeter Institute, "The Cosmic Gift of Neutron Stars." Watch the full talk: https://youtu.be/6UG9hoeLcHo Watch more Perimeter public lectures: https://insidetheperimeter.ca/discover/public-lectures/

Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1 Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Hello Everyone! Welcome to OUR Universe! If you've enjoyed the video... click the LIKE button! If you want to support the channel... click the SUBSCRIBE button! TITLE: The Origins Of Gravity LINKS: 1. Laws of Gravitation http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circles/Lesson-3/Newton-s-Law-of-Universal-Gravitation 2. Gravitational Waves https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/what-are-gw 3. Graviton Particle https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton OTHER VIDEOS: 1. What Are Gravitational Waves? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KwPbhPpj5Jw 2. Black Holes: Q&A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCtad6ijFd0 3. Where Did The Big Bang Happen? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDMlwcBnXEA Thanks for Watching! Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1

To celebrate the one-year anniversary of a discovery that changed the face of astronomy, on 7 February we feature the exclusive world premiere of a new documentary. LIGO Detection reveals what unfolded behind the scenes between the detection of merging black holes on 14 September 2015, and five months later when LIGO announced it to the world. Sign up to our newsletter and find out about exclusive content like this before anyone else: https://www.newscientist.com/registration/ Read more about the discovery of gravitational waves: https://www.newscientist.com/ligodetection

Matthew Evans (MIT)

A head-vaporizing laser with a perfect wavelength detecting sub-proton space-time ripples. Huge thanks to Prof Rana Adhikari and LIGO: http://ligo.org Here's how he felt when he learned about the first ever detection: https://youtu.be/ViMnGgn87dg Thanks to Patreon supporters: Nathan Hansen, Donal Botkin, Tony Fadell, Saeed Alghamdi, Zach Mueller, Ron Neal Support Veritasium on Patreon: http://bit.ly/VePatreon A lot of videos have covered the general overview of the discovery of gravitational waves, what they are, the history of the search, when they were found but I wanted to delve into the absurd science that made the detection possible. When scientists want one megawatt of laser power, it's not just for fun (though I'm sure it's that too), it's because the fluctuations in the number of photons is proportional to their square root, making more powerful beams less noisy (as a fraction of their total). The smoothest mirrors were created not for aesthetic joy but because when you're trying to measure wiggles that are a fraction the width of a proton, a rough mirror surface simply won't do. Filmed by Daniel Joseph Files Music by Kevin MacLeod, http://www.incompetech.com "Black Vortex" (appropriately named) Music licensed from Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com "Observations 2" (also appropriately named)

Nov. 2, 2016 Dr. Lynn Cominsky (Sonoma State University) Gravitational waves are predicted by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. They travel at the speed of light, but are much harder to detect than light waves. On September 14, 2015, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) received the first direct gravitational wave signals. The event that produced them was the merger of two distant and massive black holes that were in mutual orbit. Prof. Cominsky presents an introduction to LIGO, to gravitational waves and how they were detected, and to the kinds of black holes that "make waves."

Astronomers using ESO’s Very Large Telescope have discovered a gas cloud with several times the mass of the Earth accelerating towards the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way. This is the first time ever that the approach of such a doomed cloud to a supermassive black hole has been observed. This Video News Release shows the new results and includes spectacular simulations of how the cloud will break up over the next few years. Learn more about BLACK HOLES at http://www.spacetv.net/black-holes/ Credit: ESO.

Two years ago, we reported on a finding that was later disproved! What have we learned about gravitational waves since then? How We Know The Big Bang Actually Happened - https://youtu.be/becPAiAmFNo Were Scientists Wrong About The Big Bang? - https://youtu.be/fytASaGxyWw Sign Up For The Seeker Newsletter Here - http://bit.ly/1UO1PxI Read More: IT'S OFFICIAL: Gravitational waves have been detected, Einstein was right http://www.sciencealert.com/live-update-big-gravitational-wave-announcement-is-happening-right-now "After 100 years of searching, an international team of physicists has confirmed the existence of Einstein's gravitational waves, marking one of the biggest astrophysical discoveries of the past century. It's a huge deal, because it not only improves our understanding of how the Universe works, it also opens up a whole new way of studying it." Big Bang, Inflation, Gravitational Waves: What It Means http://www.seeker.com/big-bang-inflation-gravitational-waves-what-it-means-1768386150.html "Etched into the most ancient radiation that pervades the entire universe and created - literally - at the dawn of time, gravitational waves have been directly observed, giving us a glimpse as to the nature of the inflationary period that is theorized to have caused the rapid growth of our universe just after the Big Bang." Gravitational Waves Discovery Now Officially Dead https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gravitational-waves-discovery-now-officially-dead1/ "The European Space Agency (ESA) announced the long-awaited results on January 30, a day after a summary of it had been unintentionally posted online by French members of the Planck satellite team and then widely circulated before it was taken down." ____________________ DNews is dedicated to satisfying your curiosity and to bringing you mind-bending stories & perspectives you won't find anywhere else! New videos daily. Watch More DNews on Seeker http://www.seeker.com/show/dnews/ Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel Seeker on Twitter http://twitter.com/seeker Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez DNews on Facebook https://facebook.com/DiscoveryNews DNews on Google+ https://plus.google.com/u/0/+dnews Seeker http://www.seeker.com/ Sign Up For The Seeker Newsletter Here: http://bit.ly/1UO1PxI Special thanks to Ian O'Neill for hosting and writing this episode of DNews! Check Ian out on Twitter: https://twitter.com/astroengine

There’s one interpretation of the meaning of quantum mechanics that manages to skip a lot of the unphysical weirdness of the mainstream interpretations: it's de Broglie-Bohm pilot wave theory. Help us continue making this show by contributing here: https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help tranlate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g There are some pretty out-there explanations for the processes at work behind the incredibly successful mathematics of quantum mechanics - things are both waves and particles at the same time, the act of observation defines reality, cats are alive and dead, or even: the universe is constantly splitting into infinite alternate realities. The weird results of quantum experiments seem to demand weird explanations of the nature of reality. In this episode, Matt discusses de Broglie-Bohm pilot wave theory, the one interpretation of quantum mechanics that remains comfortably, stodgily physical. Links to Sources The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-MNSLsjjdo&t=53s The Many Worlds of the Quantum Multiverse https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dzKWfw68M5U&t=690s Is This What Quantum Mechanics Looks Like? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIyTZDHuarQ A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory in Terms of "Hidden" Variables. I: David Bohm, 1952, Phys. Rev. 85, 166 http://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.85.166 Bohms original paper is behind the journal paywall (sorry!), however many other readings on Bohmian mechanics are available here: http://www.bohmian-mechanics.net/readings_books.html Previous Space Time Episode https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4RNGRyzt10 Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Comments Answered by Matt Burak Bağdatlı https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4RNGRyzt10&lc=z13hvpcjrlndslnyb04cctjqrvb4hpkphe4 Sebastián López https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4RNGRyzt10&lc=z124yxrjyw3ywvicm23wspagcxracphvg The757packerfan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4RNGRyzt10&lc=z13ujbnznvmfjnhag04cgtprtriafnj4t2k Special thanks to our Patreon Hypernova and Quasar Supporters: Joel Brinton Antonio Park Alastair Taft Clock Watcher Joe John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Jade Bilkey Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell J Rejc Bernardo Higuera Michael Fischer Dylan Merida Colette Weeks Amy Jie Anthony Caridi Avi Goldfinger Corey Smeaton John Pettit Shannan Catalano Florian Stinglmayr Yubo Du Benoit Pagé-Guitard Ronny Polonia Nathan Leniz Jessica Fraley Kirk Mathews Loro Lukic Carl P. Corliss Brandon labonte David Crane Greg Weiss David Matteson Marc Lagarde Eric Jackson Will and Sonja Marple

In this week's questions show, Fraser answers whether black holes are really black, who's going to win the next space race, and whether we can weaponize asteroids. Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Follow us on Tumblr: http://universetoday.tumblr.com/ Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday

Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1 Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic CAN BLACK HOLES STOP TIME?! Hello Everyone! Welcome to OUR Universe! If you've enjoyed the video... click the LIKE button! If you want to support the channel... click the SUBSCRIBE button! LINKS: 1. Wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole 2. Cornell University Library: https://arxiv.org/abs/0709.1722 3. HubbleSite: http://hubblesite.org/reference_desk/faq/answer.php.id=62&cat=exotic OUTRO: 1. WHAT IS... A BLACK HOLE? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jn3AjzyxCQc 2. WHERE DID THE BIG BANG HAPPEN? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NDMlwcBnXEA 3. GALACTIC EVOLUTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d3wMsp_cfQ Thanks for Watching! Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1

Is our universe a definitive single reality or is it merely one within an infinitely branching multiverse? Be sure to check out Physics Girl’s Dianna Cowern for more awesome science https://www.youtube.com/c/physicsgirl Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics tells us that observation collapses a probability wave into a single definitive outcome, but this isn’t the only interpretation of quantum mechanics. The many worlds theory proposes that the wavefunction never actually collapses. The observer simply follows one of those many possible paths into their present reality while all the other paths continue on independent of the observer. Each of these paths branches off into an entirely different reality. In this episode Matt discusses the details of the many worlds theory and why it’s not so far-fetched to think that our reality is simply one of an infinite number of realities existing within space time. Links to sources: The Quantum Experiment that Broke Reality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-MNSLsjjdo Hugh Everett's Ph.D. Dissertation http://www-tc.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/manyworlds/pdf/dissertation.pdf Crazy Pool Vortex https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnbJEg9r1o8 Previous Episode https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jowVq81AgGw Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com)

Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1 Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic WHAT IS... A BLACK HOLE? Hello Everyone! Welcome to OUR Universe! If you've enjoyed the video... click the LIKE button! If you want to support the channel... click the SUBSCRIBE button! LINKS: 1. Wiki https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole 2. Space.com http://www.space.com/15421-black-holes-facts-formation-discovery-sdcmp.html 3. HubbleSite https://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/archive/category/blackholes/ OUTRO: 1. BLACK HOLES https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6MWuCPRewc 2. BLACK HOLE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM?! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r5DXEcMgerU 3. 6 MORE GALAXIES https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBI8GNK2cls Thanks for Watching! Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/astronomic1 Instagram: https://www.instragram.com/astronomic1 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/astronomicbook Exclusive Content: https://www.curious.com/astronomic Support ASTRONOMIC: https://www.patreon.com/Astronomic PayPal Donations: [email protected] Subscribe to ASTRONOMIC: https://www.youtube.com/astronomic1

Primordial black holes may be lurking throughout our universe. How large are they, how many are out there and what would happen if they moved through our solar system? To learn more about black holes, gravity and so much more check out The Great Courses Plus by going to http://ow.ly/JqPz30491TL Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Scientists believe that many black holes may have been created at the time of the Big Bang and and are still roaming our universe today. If we found them they would tell us a great deal about the origins of the cosmos. Previous Episode https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BAoEnV3Zt_Q How to Build a Black Hole https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xx4562gesw0 Do Events Inside Black Holes Happen? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNaEBbFbvcY Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Comments answered by Matt: Parameth Ratnasakha https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgJt6aIeNjKjG5lD9OH75Eg Turcan Fred https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_gBta_f1xA4bPsdWVoMerg Leonidas Pereira https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5JxQoYgHYrfttfKipfP5rQ ZombieWelder https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKsvZzjVBZ5PVhvhU4vMAbg Goodsire https://www.youtube.com/user/joshyman221 Arduenn Schwartzman https://www.youtube.com/user/arduenn

Black holes are the most impressive objects in the Universe, but when happens when they crash into each other is absolutely mind-bending. They distort space and time itself, sending ripples out into the Universe. Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Follow us on Tumblr: http://universetoday.tumblr.com/ Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Jason Harmer - @jasoncharmer Chad Weber - [email protected] Created by: Fraser Cain and Jason Harmer Edited by: Chad Weber Music: Left Spine Down - “X-Ray” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4tcoZNrSveE The sign of a truly great scientific theory is by the outcomes it predicts when you run experiments or perform observations. And one of the greatest theories ever proposed was the concept of Relativity, described by Albert Einstein in the beginning of the 20th century. In addition to helping us understand that light is the ultimate speed limit of the Universe, Einstein described gravity itself as a warping of spacetime. He did more than just provide a bunch of elaborate new explanations for the Universe, he proposed a series of tests that could be done to find out if his theories were correct. One test, for example, completely explained why Mercury’s orbit didn’t match the predictions made by Einstein. Other predictions could be tested with the scientific instruments of the day, like measuring time dilation with fast moving clocks. Since gravity is actually a distortion of spacetime, Einstein predicted that massive objects moving through spacetime should generate ripples, like waves moving through the ocean. Just by walking around, you leave a wake of gravitational waves that compress and expand space around you. However, these waves are incredibly tiny. Only the most energetic events in the entire Universe can produce waves we can detect. It took over 100 years to finally be proven true, the direct detection of gravitational waves. In February, 2016, physicists with the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, or LIGO announced the collision of two massive black holes more than a billion light-years away. Any size of black hole can collide. Plain old stellar mass black holes or supermassive black holes. Same process, just on a completely different scale. Let’s start with the stellar mass black holes. These, of course, form when a star with many times the mass of our Sun dies in a supernova. Just like regular stars, these massive stars can be in binary systems. Imagine a stellar nebula where a pair of binary stars form. But unlike the Sun, each of these are monsters with many times the mass of the Sun, putting out thousands of times as much energy. The two stars will orbit one another for just a few million years, and then one will detonate as a supernova. Now you’ll have a massive star orbiting a black hole. And then the second star explodes, and now you have two black holes orbiting around each other. As the black holes zip around one another, they radiate gravitational waves which causes their orbit to decay. This is kind of mind-bending, actually. The black holes convert their momentum into gravitational waves. As their angular momentum decreases, they spiral inward until they actually collide. What should be one of the most energetic explosions in the known Universe is completely dark and silent, because nothing can escape a black hole. No radiation, no light, no particles, no screams, nothing. And if you mash two black holes together, you just get a more massive black hole. The gravitational waves ripple out from this momentous collision like waves through the ocean, and it’s detectable across more than a billion light-years. This is exactly what happened earlier this year with the announcement from LIGO. This sensitive instrument detected the gravitational waves generated when two black holes with 30 solar masses collided about 1.3 billion light-years away. This wasn’t a one-time event either, they detected another collision with two other stellar mass black holes. Regular stellar mass black holes aren’t the only ones that can collide. Supermassive black holes can collide too. From what we can tell, there’s a supermassive black hole at the heart of pretty much every galaxy in the Universe. The one in the Milky Way is more than 4.1 million times the mass of the Sun, and the one at the heart of Andromeda is thought to be 110 to 230 million times the mass of the Sun. In a few billion years, the Milky Way and Andromeda are going to collide, and begin the process of merging together. Unless the Milky Way’s black hole gets kicked off into deep space, the two black holes are going to end up orbiting one another.

For those of you in New York City you can check out Matt live at PBS Nerd Night at the NYC YouTube Space on Thursday night September 22nd. Hope to see you there. to.pbs.org/nerdnight Albert Einstein strongly disagreed with Niels Bohr when it came to Bohr’s interpretation of quantum mechanics. Quantum entanglement settled the argument once and for all. Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Support us on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode - Self-Replicating Robots and Galactic Domination https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI Veritasium’s video Quantum Entanglement and Spooky Action at a Distance at 7:36 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuvK-od647c How the Quantum Eraser Rewrites the Past at 8:41 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ORLN_KwAgs Einstein argued that elementary particles maintained their intrinsic values whether they were being observed or not. Bohr believed that in observing such particles we collapsed a wave function of probabilities. He asserted that it is only when these wave functions collapse that one of many probabilities is chosen and the particles take on distinct values. Quantum entanglement, John Stewart Bell and Alain Aspect eventually proved that Bohr was correct. Written and hosted by Matt O’Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Comments: Borne Stellar https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z13kddtono20c1h2g22kx1brstvvsthus Strofi Kornego https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z12vh34b2l2uxvagy04cg5swtqf0s3gb1o00k Daniel Oberley https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4H55wybU3rI&lc=z12rsv2yszi5td21w22aytvhxvagg1giz04