DOCUMENTARIES

Into the Unknown tells the story of the building of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope – a revolutionary observatory, 100 times more powerful and the scientific successor to the Hubble Telescope. When launched, Webb will reveal a universe we have never seen before and is poised to answer questions that have intrigued us for thousands of years: How did the universe begin? Where did we come from? Are we alone? Armed with dynamic scenes of construction, fascinating conversations with scientists and engineers and stunning visuals, Into the Unknown offers an in-depth look at one of the most daring scientific missions ever attempted. A story for all ages, this film captures the wonder of the cosmos and the timeless human desire to understand our place within the universe. The Northrop Grumman Foundation, in partnership with filmmaker Nathaniel Kahn, developed this documentary as a resource for teachers, students and space enthusiasts around the world to enjoy.

Go to https://buyraycon.com/isaacarthur for 15% off your order! Brought to you by Raycon. Water is one of the most common substances in the Universe, and Earth has far more seas than land and life arose in the ocean first. Planets covered entirely in water may be common and abundant with life, including intelligence extraterrestrial life. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/oceanic-aliens Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/oceanic-aliens-narration-only Credits: Alien Civilization: Oceanic Aliens Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 274; January 21, 2021 Produced, Written, and Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Jason Burbank Jerry Guern https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxgArWbEhZg Keith Blockus Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Katie Byrne Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Udo Schroeter Music by: Martin Rezny: https://soundcloud.com/martin-re-n-1 Miguel Johnson: https://migueljohnson.bandcamp.com Stellardrone: https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com/

In this video, Unveiled asks; why is there STILL so much mystery surrounding the moon?? Are you constantly curious? Then subscribe for more from Unveiled ► https://wmojo.com/unveiled-subscribe It has been almost 50 years since a human being stepped foot on the moon. After the rush at the end of the 1960s, NASA's Apollo program was quickly cancelled... But WHY?? Yes, we've taken photos from far off satellites, but we haven't explored the lunar surface in detail. That's all about to change... This is Unveiled, giving you incredible answers to extraordinary questions! Find more amazing videos for your curiosity here: What If Kardashev Was Wrong? - https://youtu.be/Y-FYaZ8Eyzs Are We Living in the Dark Forest? - https://youtu.be/sFvf6Elp3D0 #Moon #MoonLanding #Artemis

Get a free month of Curiosity Stream: https://curiositystream.com/isaacarthur Cryonic freezing offers a pathway to reap future medical technologies today by preserving someone for future restoration, but what would the impact of this technology be on civilization? Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/cryonics-frozen-civilizations Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/cryonics-frozen-civilizations-narration-only Credits: Cryonics: Frozen Civilizations Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 273; January 14, 2021 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Jason Burbank Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Music: Miguel Johnson https://migueljohnson.bandcamp.com

Start listening with a 30-day Audible trial and your first audiobook is free. Visit http://www.audible.com/isaac or text "isaac" to 500-500. Our Universe is billions of years older than our planet, and we often contemplate alien civilizations that might have arisen early than us in our galaxy, but just how early could life have arisen? Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/civilizations-at-the-beginning-of-time Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/civilizations-at-the-beginning-of-time-narration-only Credits: Civilizations at the Beginning of Time Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 272; January 7, 2021 Produced, Written, and Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Jason Burbank Jerry Guern https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxgArWbEhZg Keith Blockus Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Music by Stellardrone: https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com/

The first 1000 people to use the link will get a free trial of Skillshare Premium Membership: https://skl.sh/isaacarthur12201 As we move into space we prepare not just to settle the Moon and Mars, but stretch our reach out to other stars and settle the galaxy, becoming an interstellar species. See the SFIA Episode Listing: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1E7UTCFWSRk1vuyjmYhSvtmvINVSU9tWy5LabQeHW9t8/edit?usp=sharing Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/becoming-an-interstellar-species Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/becoming-an-interstellar-species-narration-only Credits: Becoming an Interstellar Species Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 271; December 31, 2020 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Darius Said Matthew Campbell Jason Burbank Keith Blockus Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Bryan Versteeg http://spacehabs.com Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Ken York of YD Visual https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Sam McNamara of Rapid Thrash Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Udo Schroeter Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

Pluto gets all the attention, but its newfound family deserves some love.

Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ Kardashev-2 Civilizations are hypothetical empires which encompass entire stars, with access to billions of times the energy Earth has, often seen as builders of megastructures like Dyson Spheres. But could civilizations with only the technology we have become Kardashev-2? Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia/ Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/low-tech-kardashev-2-civilizations Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/low-tech-kardashev-2-civilizations -narration-only Credits: Low-Tech Kardashev-2 Civilizations Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 270: December 24, 2020 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Darius Said Jason Burbank Keith Blockus Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Ken York https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Mihail Yordanov Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Udo Schroeter Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

The Solar System is home to eight main planets, but this is far from the full picture. Hidden beyond the orbit of Neptune are dozens of small, icy worlds, known as Dwarf Planets, or Minor Planets! The best example is Pluto, but there are dozens more orbiting within the same band of material at the outer Solar System. Today, we will visit these frozen, far out worlds first hand. Subscribe for more space content! Follow my new Twitter: https://twitter.com/SEA_yt_ Join the official partner #SeaSquad Discord Server: https://discord.gg/SEA Business Enquiries: [email protected] FOOTAGE: The space scenes in this video were captured using SpaceEngine Pro, a virtual universe simulator: http://spaceengine.org/ Get SpaceEngine on Steam: https://store.steampowered.com/app/314650/SpaceEngine/ Some stock footage was provided by Videezy.com! 2006 General Assembly Footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Eyi47O5Iyg MUSIC: - Mist - Odonis Odonis - Lucid Haze - Amulets - Shallow Depths - jAde Wii - At the Foot of the Sphinx - Twin Musicom - Length of Light - Amulets - Crystaline - Amulets - Doll Dancing - Puddle of Infinity - I Am Running Down the Long Hallway - Chris Zabriskie - Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring - Kevin MacLeod At the Foot of the Sphinx by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org/ I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/honor/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100189 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ SOURCES OF INFORMATION: - Minor Planets: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_planet - Ceres: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/ceres/in-depth/ - The Kuiper Belt: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/overview/ - Pluto: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/pluto/in-depth/ - Pluto Moons: https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1510/1510.07704.pdf - Eris: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/dwarf-planets/eris/in-depth/ - Haumea: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haumea - Makemake: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makemake - Arrokoth: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/arrokoth-2014-mu69/in-depth/ TIMESTAMPS: 0:00 Introduction 1:52 Minor Planets 5:34 Ceres 9:15 The Kuiper Belt 11:49 Pluto 16:43 Why the IAU Demoted Pluto 17:46 Eris 20:17 Haumea 22:08 Makemake 24:24 Arrokoth

From both Gregory Benford and Larry Niven comes a thrilling, hard science fiction series, Bowl of Heaven, that follows a human expedition to another star system that’s suddenly interrupted by a gigantic artifact floating in interstellar space. The bowl-shaped structure engulfs an entire star, and has a habitable area equivalent to many millions of Earths. Gregory Benford is a physicist, educator, and award winning author. Larry Niven is an award winning author, best known for his book Ringworld. Link: Bowl of Heaven (affiliate link): https://amzn.to/3r5AWJO Gravitational Wave Transmitter: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1806.02334.pdf Want to support the channel? Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/EventHorizonShow Follow us at other places! Website: https://www.eventhorizonshow.com/ @jmgeventhorizon Music featured on Event Horizon https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com/ https://migueljohnson.bandcamp.com/ https://leerosevere.bandcamp.com/ https://aeriumambient.bandcamp.com/ FOOTAGE: NASA ESA/Hubble ESO - M.Kornmesser ESO - L.Calcada ESO - Jose Francisco Salgado (josefrancisco.org) NAOJ University of Warwick Goddard Visualization Studio Langley Research Center Pixabay

Get a free month of Curiosity Stream: https://curiositystream.com/isaacarthur Navigating the vast ocean of the galaxy to reach distant stars will be no easy matter, but future spaceships may find many new difficulties finding their way throughout space, and also throughout time. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/interstellar-navigation Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/interstellar-navigation-narration-only Credits: Interstellar Navigation Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 269; December 17, 2020 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Jason Burbank Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana LegionTech Studios Max Johnson Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ Our galaxy likely contains trillions of worlds, and perhaps none we could live on without great effort to make them like Earth. To colonize these worlds, to make them settlements for our descendants in the future, we must first terraform them. National Space Society Roadmap: https://space.nss.org/nss-roadmap-to-space-settlement-3rd-edition-2018-contents/ Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia/ Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/268a-terraforming-forging-new-worlds-december-13-2020-main-segmentmovie Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/268an-terraforming-forging-new-worlds-december-13-2020-narration-only Credits: Terraforming: Forging New Worlds Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 268a: December 13, 2020 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Jerry Guern Jason Burbank Keith Blockus S. Kopperud Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Bryan Versteeg http://spacehabs.com Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Ken York https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Sam McNamara Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Udo Schroeter Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

Arthropods are about as alien to us as another highly evolved bilateral animal can be. That’s undoubtedly the reason why their looks and features are often adopted into science fiction for creating odd-looking extraterrestrial beings. Despite their humble body sizes, arthropods have been extremely successful in populating our biosphere. So given the enormous success of this particular body plan, it's likely that alternate "arthropoids" or "arthropodoids" could enjoy the same success in alien biospheres. It would be a very interesting exercise in speculative zoology to design and tweak such “alternate arthropods” to evolve in different ways. But before we do that, we need to know how our won arthropods, like insects, crustaceans, chelicerates (spiders and scorpions), myriapods and others evolved. It all goes back to the Cambrian Explosion where weird life forms like Anomalocaris and Hallucigenia, but also Priapulids, hold the key to understanding the genesis of this major phylum. So how could these life forms evolve elsewhere? Let’s find out! Website: https://www.phrenotopia.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Phrenotopian Video Chapters: 0:00 Introduction 1:18 Wonderful Life 4:18 Arthropod Origins Revealed 7:37 Ecdysozoan Roots 10:58 Alternate Arthropods 14:03 The Arthropod Recipe 16:20 Conclusions REFERENCES (under construction) - Chen et al (2013) "Trace fossil evidence for Ediacaran bilaterian animals with complex behaviors" Precambrian Research Volume 224, January 2013, Pages 690-701 - Harvey THP, Dong X & Donoghue PCJ (2010) "Are palaeoscolecids ancestral ecdysozoans?" Evolution & development https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142X.2010.00403.x - Smith MR (2015) A palaeoscolecid worm from the Burgess Shale. Palaeontology, 58: 973-979. https://doi:10.1111/pala.12210 - Smith MR & Caron JB (2015) "Hallucigenia’s head and the pharyngeal armature of early ecdysozoans" Nature 523 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14573 CREDITS (under construction) Images: - Spider anatomy | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fil:Spider_internal_anatomy-en.svg - "Diyu Arthropods" by Trollmans | https://www.deviantart.com/trollmans Footage: - "Title" @yt | URL - "Kinorhyncha, Echinoderes sp" Matthew Lee | https://youtu.be/H86xOLhFv3E Music: - "Backyard Safari" by TechSmith - "What Does Anybody Know About Anything" by Chris Zabriskie | http://chriszabriskie.com/ | CC BY 4.0 - "Digital Memories" by @Unicorn Heads - "Progressive Chords Lead" by Frankum | https://soundcloud.com/frankumjay - "Kick and Progressive Leads" by Frankum

Mars is a fascinating and mysterious world, with stories of what was once a much more familiar world written all over its surface. Mars was once a water world, with oceans on its surface near the beginning of the Solar System. Today, we will relive Mars' history and legacy, as we examine the red planet's past, present and future. Subscribe for more Space Exploration & Astronomy! So close to #300K subscribers now! Follow my new Twitter: https://twitter.com/SEA_yt_ Join the official #SeaSquad Discord Server: https://discord.gg/SEA Business Enquiries: [email protected] SOUNDTRACK: - Auckland | VYEN - Atlantis | Audionautix - Consciousness Rabbit | pATCHES - Lands Unknown | Futuremono - Gathering Darkness | Kevin MacLeod (Creative Commons) - Creep | Emmit Fenn - Under the Rug | Density & Time - A Walk Into Space | Topher Mohr & Alex Elena - Orbit | Corbyn Kites - Float | Emily A. Sprague - Hydra | Huma-Huma - Candlepower | Chris Zabriskie (Creative Commons) - Nevada City | Huma-Huma - Angelic Forest | Doug Maxwell - Krishna's Calliope | Jesse Gallagher Gathering Darkness by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100849 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Atlantis by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Artist: http://audionautix.com/ Candlepower by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ FOOTAGE: The space scenes in this video were captured using SpaceEngine Pro, a virtual universe simulator: http://spaceengine.org/ Get SpaceEngine on Steam: https://store.steampowered.com/app/314650/SpaceEngine/ NASA Resources: - NASA MRO Images: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/MRO/images/index.html - Perseverance Footage: https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/multimedia/videos/?v=423 - NASA Footage of Crew-1 Launch SpaceX: - SpaceX Rocket Blast Off: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_WMHn39YLQ - Starship Animation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8JyvzU0CXU Video Footage: - Mars Documentary 1952: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OXYLCVUaCc - Mariner 4 Launch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MnAr0fVtnhQ - Mariner 9 Approach of Mars Dust Storm: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDY25DKw6o0 - Magma Stock Footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hp0eTrD5BYE - Factory Footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gfk9kLep-Ds (GD-related footage) - Phobos footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wC8VJ4B2WRg - Deimos footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgxsNzQnF5o - Blurry Mars Image: https://www.reddit.com/r/space/comments/4fmp0m/good_morning_matt_damon_my_first_picture_of_mars/ SOURCES OF INFORMATION: - In-depth Profile: https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/mars/in-depth - Olympus Mons Height: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/how_big_is_it_022616.pdf - Composition of Mars: https://www.space.com/16895-what-is-mars-made-of.html - Mars Escape Velocity: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Icar..116..215O - Mars Stats: https://web.archive.org/web/20200317184127/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html Mars Water World: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis - https://www.astrobio.net/mars/when-mars-was-a-water-world/ Mars Moons: - https://www.space.com/20413-phobos-deimos-mars-moons.html - https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4337.pdf - https://theplanets.org/deimos/ SpaceX Mission: - https://www.spacex.com/human-spaceflight/mars/ https://www.theguardian.com/science/video/2017/sep/29/elon-musk-manned-mars-mission-spacex-video https://www.space.com/spacex-starship-first-mars-trip-2024 - Terraforming Methods: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_50N5QoQoc4

This video about Jupiter's moon Europa is sponsored by Babbel, the #1 language learning app in the world with more than 10 million subscriptions worldwide. Sign up today to get 50% off a 6-month subscription for a limited time only! https://bit.ly/LaunchPadAstronomy Jupiter's moon Europa is the most likely place in the solar system to find life beyond Earth. Beneath its icy exterior lies an ocean of water, likely capable of supporting life. Now, NASA is preparing to send the Europa Clipper mission and ESA is sending the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) to study Europa in unprecedented detail, and lay the groundwork for a future lander on Europa to search for life. 00:00 Start 00:43 Discovery and Naming 01:43 Ad for Babbel 03:20 Exploration with Pioneer and Voyager 04:46 Possibility of an Ocean 05:11 Galileo Orbiter and Europa Geology 07:40 Tidal Heating 08:51 Surface Radiation 10:30 Discovery of Water Plumes 13:01 Ocean Properties and Magnetic Field 15:11 Potential Habitability in Ocean and Lakes 16:45 Europa Clipper Mission 19:13 Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission 20:26 Future Lander Mission 20:49 Thanks and Support! 🔔 Subscribe for more: https://www.youtube.com/christianready?sub_confirmation=1 🖖 Share this video with a fellow space traveler: https://youtu.be/5_UMVolQmRI 🔴 Watch my most recent upload: https://goo.gl/QbRcE2 🚀 Help me improve the channel by joining the community on Patreon https://patreon.com/launchpadastro 🚀 Check out Launch Pad merchandise! https://teespring.com/stores/launchpadastro Disclaimer: Some of these links go to one of my websites and some are affiliate links where I'll earn a small commission if you make a purchase at no additional cost to you. 🧭 References: W. B. Sparks et al 2016 ApJ 829 121 http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/829/2/121 Paganini, L., Villanueva, G.L., Roth, L. et al. A measurement of water vapour amid a largely quiescent environment on Europa. Nat Astron 4, 266–272 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0933-6 ✅ Let's connect: For business inquiries - chris AT christianready DOT com Twitter - @launchpadastro Instagram - @launchpadastro Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/LaunchPadAstronomy/ Discord - https://discord.gg/yChAuUe 📭 c/o Christian Ready P.O. Box 66 Westminster, MD 21158 United States Earth

An ultra-long-wavelength radio telescope on the far-side of the Moon has tremendous advantages compared to Earth-based and Earth-orbiting telescopes, particularly a Lunar Crater telescope can observe the universe at wavelengths greater than 10m (i.e., frequencies below 30MHz), which are reflected by the Earth’s ionosphere and are hitherto largely unexplored by humans. John Michael Godier speaks with Saptarshi Bandyopadhyay about his 2020 NIAC finalist project for putting a radio telescope inside a crater on the far side of the moon. Link: https://youtu.be/04qHgiGzuxs https://www.nasa.gov/content/niac-symposium Want to support the channel? Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/EventHorizonShow Follow us at other places! Website: https://www.eventhorizonshow.com/ @JMGEventHorizon Music featured on Event Horizon https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com/ https://migueljohnson.bandcamp.com/ https://leerosevere.bandcamp.com/ https://aeriumambient.bandcamp.com/ FOOTAGE: NASA ESA/Hubble ESO - M.Kornmesser ESO - L.Calcada ESO - Jose Francisco Salgado (josefrancisco.org) NAOJ University of Warwick Goddard Visualization Studio Langley Research Center Pixabay DML

Get a free month of Curiosity Stream: https://curiositystream.com/isaacarthur Asteroids represent a threat to Earth, but in the future they may be a boon, serving as sources of vast wealth and resources, and as orbital settlements and keystones of interplanetary trade. National Space Society Roadmap: https://space.nss.org/nss-roadmap-to-space-settlement-3rd-edition-2018-contents/ Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia/ Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/asteroid-mining-and-orbital-settlements Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/asteroid-mining-and-orbital-settlements-narration-only Credits: Asteroid Mining & Orbital Settlements Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 265; November 19, 2020 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Jerry Guern Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Bryan Versteeg http://spacehabs.com Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Kristijan Tavcar Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc SpaceResourcesCGI Udo Schroeter Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

Get a free month of Curiosity Stream: https://curiositystream.com/isaacarthur Establishing Interstellar Trade and Commerce in the future will require an entirely new approach to moving cargo, as years if not centuries might pass for shipments to arrive by even the fastest spaceships, but may be aided by the use of vast interstellar Cycler Castles traveling on century long trade routes. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia/ Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/53GAShE Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/interstellar-trade-cyclers Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/interstellar-trade-cyclers-narration-only Credits: Interstellar Trade & Cyclers Science & Futurism with Isaac Arthur Episode 254; November 12, 2020 Written, Produced & Narrated by Isaac Arthur Editors: Jerry Guern Keith Blockus S. Kopperud Cover Art: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics: Bryan Versteeg http://spacehabs.com Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Ken York https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Music Courtesy of Epidemic Sound http://epidemicsound.com/creator

Einstein's theory of general relativity predicted the warping of spacetime due to gravitational forces. When this bending becomes so strong that a region of space folds like a piece of paper, the hypothetical tunnels known as wormholes can be formed. The extreme gravitational conditions necessary for this to happen may occur around supermassive black holes. But do wormholes really exist? And if so, how can we find them? When taken to the extreme, gravity can create some intriguing visual effects known as gravitational lensing, that can be observed through telescopes. From the outside, wormholes can appear similar to black holes, but while moving in front of a distant star, a wormhole big enough to fit a spaceship would create a very specific type of this weird laughing mirror effect. Therefore, when it comes to hunting wormholes, looking for the distant signatures of smaller gravity lenses known as micro lenses could be the way to go. Just as optical telescopes collect visible light, so do radio telescopes collect the radio waves emitted by stars, galaxies, black holes and perhaps wormholes. Investigating ways to distinguish a wormhole from a black hole, researchers have focused on supermassive black holes with masses millions to billions of times that of the sun, which are thought to dwell at the hearts of most, if not all, galaxies. For example, at the center of our Milky Way galaxy lies Sagittarius A, a monster black hole that is about 4.5 million solar masses in size. What if such an “active galactic nucleus” (AGN) were a wormhole mouth rather than a supermassive black hole? Any matter falling into the mouth of a supermassive wormhole would likely travel at extraordinarily high speeds due to its powerful gravitational fields. The collision in the wormhole's throat of matter flowing through both mouths would result in spheres of plasma expanding from the wormhole at nearly the speed of light. Those spheres can reach temperatures of about 10 trillion degrees Celsius and would produce gamma rays with extremely high energies. In contrast, accretion disks of AGNs are too cold to emit gamma radiation. Moreover, although jets from AGNs can emit gamma rays, they would mostly travel in the same direction as the jets — any traveling out in a sphere might suggest they came from a wormhole. All in all, there are several ways in which the gamma radiation emitted by wormholes has a distinctive spectrum much different from those of supermassive black holes. An observation of such radiation would serve as convincing evidence of their existence. Researchers have also considered the possibility that wormholes can act as natural particle accelerators. The high-energy cosmic rays produced by such a scheme could be detected by sensitive radio telescopes as well. It is thought that this phenomenon may occur when a wormhole generates and maintains a magnetic field, which might also explain the observation of such fields in cosmic voids. In addition to telescopes, gravitational wave detectors could be used to detect wormholes in deep space. The United States–based Advanced LIGO, or Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, as well as the Advanced Virgo detector near Pisa, Italy, have already detected ripples in spacetime caused by the merging of two black holes or dense stellar corpses called neutron stars. But scientists have also considered a black hole with a mass five times the sun’s, orbiting a wormhole billions of light years from Earth. As the black hole swings around the wormhole, the researchers calculated, it would begin to spiral inward as if it were orbiting another black hole. Initially, the resulting gravitational waves would look like a standard signature for two black holes, a pattern of waves that increase in frequency over time called a chirp. (Continue reading: https://spaceandai.com/project/how-to-find-a-wormhole) Sources: Quantum physicist Juan Maldacena on the new quantum-reality theory https://vpro.openbeelden.nl/media/1003714/Quantum_physicist_Juan_Maldacena_on_the_new_quantum_reality_theory Theories of Everything, Wormholes, Inflation, and the Multiverse - Dr Brian Keating https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIzTliTHn7s Video: Black Holes and the Structure of Spacetime by Juan Maldacena https://youtu.be/d7HuP_abpKU CERN https://www.youtube.com/c/CERN HubbleESA https://www.youtube.com/c/HubbleESA European Southern Observatory (ESO) https://www.youtube.com/user/ESOobservatory NASA Video https://www.youtube.com/user/NASAgovVideo Calabi-Yau800 https://youtu.be/7Ybu_YdneJ0 Qunatum Hypersonic Subliminal Affirmation Booster https://youtu.be/nl0Lmv1DWsc Cosmic opus 50 Dark universe https://youtu.be/FhaDBOdvTlY Mapping Motion of 3-D, 4-D and 5-D Polytopes (Jonathan Barlow Gee) https://youtu.be/tfGf6gHQZQc Classroom Aid - Twin Paradox https://youtu.be/qHfPgNUutjU Dr James O'Donoghue - Speed of light around Earth https://youtu.be/WJqg3B2_Kwc Pixabay https://pixabay.com/videos/

Magneto-Inductive Communications for Ocean Worlds, is a new concept from Dr. Robert Romanofsky of NASA. A mission to the under-ice ocean of Europa is one of the highest priority missions for NASA. Dr. Romanofsky's concept is for a probe to melt through the 5 to 10 km thickness of briny ice to reach the buried ocean below. The challenge of communicating back to the surface of Europa is also directly addressed. Link: Magneto-Inductive Communications for Ocean Worlds: https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2020_Phase_I_Phase_II/lMagneto_Inductive_Communications_for_Ocean_Worlds/ Want to support the channel? Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/EventHorizonShow Follow us at other places! Website: https://www.eventhorizonshow.com/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/jmgeventhorizon Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/jmgeventhorizon/ Music featured on Event Horizon https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com/ https://migueljohnson.bandcamp.com/ https://leerosevere.bandcamp.com/ https://aeriumambient.bandcamp.com/ FOOTAGE: NASA ESA/Hubble ESO - M.Kornmesser ESO - L.Calcada ESO - Jose Francisco Salgado (josefrancisco.org) NAOJ University of Warwick Goddard Visualization Studio Langley Research Center Pixabay

An exploration of ten spooky aspects of the multiverse and our universe within it. https://www.patreon.com/johnmichaelgodier Music: Cylinder Eight by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Darkest Child by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100783 Artist: http://incompetech.com/