DOCUMENTARIES

Into the Unknown tells the story of the building of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope – a revolutionary observatory, 100 times more powerful and the scientific successor to the Hubble Telescope. When launched, Webb will reveal a universe we have never seen before and is poised to answer questions that have intrigued us for thousands of years: How did the universe begin? Where did we come from? Are we alone? Armed with dynamic scenes of construction, fascinating conversations with scientists and engineers and stunning visuals, Into the Unknown offers an in-depth look at one of the most daring scientific missions ever attempted. A story for all ages, this film captures the wonder of the cosmos and the timeless human desire to understand our place within the universe. The Northrop Grumman Foundation, in partnership with filmmaker Nathaniel Kahn, developed this documentary as a resource for teachers, students and space enthusiasts around the world to enjoy.

The Fermi Paradox asks us where all the alien civilizations are? Today we will ask if the might be hiding in the Voids, from those between the stars to the massive Supervoids like the Boötes Void. Could they be home to Extraterrestrial Empires so large they dwarf even Kardashev-3 Civilizations? Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia/ Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/fermi-paradox-into-the-void Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/fermi-paradox-into-the-void-narration-only The Fermi Paradox:Into the Void Episode 160b, Season 4 E46b Writer: Isaac Arthur Editors: A.T. Long Darius Said Keith Blockus Matthew Campbell Mark Warburton Stuart Graham https://beyondnerva.wordpress.com Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Ken York of YD Visual https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Mihail Yordanov Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music: Lombus, "Cosmic Soup" https://lombus.bandcamp.com A.J. Prasad, "Staring Through, pt 2" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xA8-7qwaEPU

You can now support us on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/EventHorizonShow Joining John Michael Godier is host of SFIA, Isaac Arthur. They discuss humanity's future with technologies such as Dyson Spheres, artificial intelligence, life extension, they also delve into the Fermi Paradox, space colonization, and more. This is part one of an in depth conversation that will conclude later next month. Subscribe to Science and Futurism with Isaac Arthur here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZFipeZtQM5CKUjx6grh54g Isaac's website: www.IsaacArthur.net Event Horizon's Website: https://www.eventhorizonshow.com/ John Michael Godier's books: https://amzn.to/2yBPLu0 Follow us on Twitter! https://twitter.com/jmgeventhorizon Follow us on Instagram! https://www.instagram.com/jmgeventhorizon/ Footage NASA Hubble Goddard Visualization Studio ESO Pixabay MUSIC KAI ENGEL https://kaiengel.bandcamp.com/ Chance Aspirato Seeker CHRIS ZABRISKIE http://chriszabriskie.com Cylinder Eight STELLARDRONE https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com/ The Belt of Orion The Divine Cosmos On a Beam of Light I Don't Belong Here Airglow Ultra Deep Field Ascent THANK YOU To Isaac for joining us this week! To all of our subscribers and patrons!

A look at environments and ecology on truly massive space stations. Check out Cheddar's video on Extinction: https://chdr.tv/youtu0277c As we expand in space and build ever large space stations, true space habitats, we will need to incorporate ecosystems into them. However, such space habitats will have their own weather and cycles unlike those of Earth, and we will need to adapt to those unique conditions, which will vary by size and type. Today we will look at everything from smaller rotating habitats like Kaplana One and O'Neill Cylinders to vast structures such as Ringworlds, Supramundane Planets, Mega-Earths, and see the unique challenges each of them will offer us in the future. See more of Bryan Versteeg's art at http://spacehabs.com Check out Isaac's interview with John Micheal Godier at https://www.eventhorizonshow.com Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/the-environments-of-space-habitats Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/the-environments-of-space-habitats-narration-only Google Play Musics Link: https://playmusic.app.goo.gl/?ibi=com.google.PlayMusic&isi=691797987&ius=googleplaymusic&apn=com.google.android.music&link=https://play.google.com/music/m/Iwcob6xjirssfi7kyw5mw27bmge?t%3DScience_%2526_Futurism_with_Isaac_Arthur%26pcampaignid%3DMKT-na-all-co-pr-mu-pod-16 Credits: Upward Bound: The Environments of Space Habitats Episode 157, Season 4 E43 Writers Daniel McNamara Isaac Arthur Laura Graham Mark Warburton Stuart Graham https://beyondnerva.wordpress.com Editors: A.T. Long Gregory Leal https://www.gregschool.org/ Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Matthew Campbell Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Sigmund Kopperud Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Bryan Versteeg http://spacehabs.com Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Justin Dixon Katie Byrne Ken York https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Mihail Yordanov Mike Munt http://www.apogii.uk Sam McNamara Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca DeRosa - [email protected] Music: Sergey Cheremisinov, "Sirius" https://www.s-cheremisinov.com Stellardrone, "Belt of Orion" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Kai Engel, "Endless Story abut Sun and Moon" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Aerium, "Drowned Holodecks" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Serena Ellis, "Science" https://soundcloud.com/serenaelis Stellardrone, "A Moment of Stillness" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com

An exploration of ten of the most unsettling astrophysical events including Dyson Sphere candidates, a star containing plutonium, the Wow! Signal and others. https://www.patreon.com/johnmichaelgodier https://www.youtube.com/eventhorizonshow Papers: "Pulsar Positioning System: A quest for evidence of extraterrestrial engineering", Clement Vidal, 2017 https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.03316 "Fast Radio Bursts from Extragalactic Light Sails", Lingham and Loeb, 2017 https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.01109 "Discovery of peculiar periodic spectral modulations in a small fraction of solar type stars", Borra and Trottier, 2016 https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.03031 Music: Cylinder Eight by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ "Night Forever" by Miguel Johnson https://migueljohnson.bandcamp.com/ Cylinder Three by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Cosmologists challenging the foundations of physics are featured in this documentary on VSL. Variable Speed of Light (aka varying speed of light) suggests that it wasn't the expansion rate that was enormously higher than today in the early universe., but instead it was the speed of light. VSL theory is an alternative to the standard picture of inflationary cosmology and has mind blowing implications for the way we think about the origin of the universe and other mysteries of physics.We explore whether the big bang was really the beginning, is time quantum? how do we think about black holes in this framework, experimental probes of the theory and even the possibility for interstellar travel. VSL is a rival to inflationary cosmology and should you wish to learn more abut that, watch our film with the father of inflation Alan Guth ( and others) here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqjsZEZMR7I&index=4&list=PLJ4zAUPI-qqqj2D8eSk7yoa4hnojoCR4m Please like and Subscribe. You can also find our other films in this series which features exclusive interviews with Stephen Hawking, Sir Roger Penrose, Alan Guth and many other leading cosmologists https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtOgKmAM4MeFu-jd-HB3_cg Below is a timeline of the VSL film SA =Stephon Alexander NA+ NIayesh Afshordi, JM =Joao Maguiejo and JohnM =John Moffat 00:00 INTRODUCTION 1:04 SA on his introduction to physics 1:24 NA on above topic 1:48 JM on above topic 2:18 JohnM on above topic 3:19 JM on Dirac and the history of changing constants 3:57 JohnM on above topic 4:13 JM on the importance of C in relativity 5:02 SA on the horizon problem 5:46 NA on above topic 6:07 JohnM on his invention of VSL 6:50 JM on the flatness problem 8:27 NA on conservation of energy in an expanding universe 9:13 JM on above topic 10:04 JohnM on the conflict with Physical Reviews over VSL 10:49 JM on rediscovering VSL 11:41 JohnM on above topic 12:03 JM on JohnM VSl theory 12:21 JM on challenging the foundations of physics 12:33 JohnM on above topic 12:50 JM on an infinite speed of light 13:41 SA on why VSl? 13:58 NA on above topic 14:27 JM on inflation 14:40 NA on above topic 15:25 JM on the fluctuations in the CMB 16:10 NA on above topic 16:30 JM on above topic 17:19 JM on interstellar travel and cosmic strings 18:10 JM on multiple models of VSL 19:27 SA on string theory and VSL 22:43 SA on Horava gravity 23:30 NA on above topic 23:51 JM on above topic 24:23 NA on loop quantum gravity and Horava gravity 25:13 JM on above topic 27:07 JM on a length contraction and the Planck length 28:32 JM on cyclic cosmology 29:44 SA on singularity theorems 30:48 NA on BGV theorem 32:31 Jm on above topic 33:53 NA on infinities, do they lead to contradictions? 35:05 JohnM on the low entropy of the big bang 35:54 NA on the above topic 36:37 JM on the above topic 37:42 John M on the multiverse 38:47 JM on fine tuning 39:31 NA on the above topic 39:47 JM the above topic 39:46 on the above topic 40:15 NA on the above topic 40:32 SA on the above topic 42:18 JohnM observational tests 43:38 NA on the above topic 46:49 JM on varying alpha observations 48:15 JohnM on the above topic 48:46 NA on the primordial gravity waves 49:10 JM on the above topic 49:27 NA on the above topic 50:20 JM on LIGo neutron stars 50:45 Johnm on the above topic 51:07 Jm on responding to George Ellis 51:49 JohnM on the above topic 52:09 Jm on the above topic 53:06 Jm on future of VSl of Chern Simons time 53:30 SA on the above topic 55:15 Jm on the above topic 56:39 NA on the black hole echoes 59:06 Jm those numbers are the ones we have predicted

You can now support us on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/EventHorizonShow Event Horizon's Website: https://www.eventhorizonshow.com/ Do We Live In An Infinite Universe? - Quantum Mechanics Explained In this episode of John Michael Godier's Event Horizon. John's guest is Dr. Paul M. Sutter of the Ask A Spaceman Youtube Channel. They discuss Gravity, the Big Bang and the beginning of the Universe as well as Albert Einstein's theory of relativity and how it clashes with Quantum Mechanics, Black Holes, String Theory, SETI and the search for Extraterrestrial life. If we live in a infinite universe will we know? If the universe is finite, what would happen if you traveled to the edge. Does the universe go on forever? How far do galaxies stretch out into space? And what's beyond them? John Michael Godier's books: https://amzn.to/2yBPLu0 Follow us on Twitter and Instagram @JMGEventHorizon https://twitter.com/jmgeventhorizon https://www.instagram.com/jmgeventhorizon Paul links Book "Your Place in the Universe: Understanding Our Big, Messy Existence" : https://amzn.to/2A3tc2c Website: http://www.pmsutter.com/ Ask A Spaceman: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBr7XOxxQyBHEwqkhoci7vw To qualify for our giveaway of John Michael Godier's Book Supermind all you have to do is subscribe and comment on any video that we post through the end of October. We will pick five random people and announce the winners in November. Paul Sutter received his PhD in Physics in 2011 as a Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellow as well as being an editor for Space.com. His new book “Your Place in The Universe: Understanding Our Big, Messy Existence”. Arrives on November 20th, available from book retailers everywhere. CREDITS Footage NASA NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center JPL HUBBLE ESO PIXABAY MUSIC Kai Engel https://kaiengel.bandcamp.com/ Daedalus Oneiri Aspirato Daemones Periculum Miguel Johnson https://migueljohnson.bandcamp.com/ Drifting Forever Night Night Forever Stellardrone https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com/ Ascent Between the Rings The Divine Cosmos Thank You to Dr. Paul Sutter and All of Our Subscribers!

A Journey to the Edge of Time and Space Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ As we continue our look at Generation Ships, vast vessels designed to carry many thousands of colonists to distant and alien worlds centuries away, we must ask just how far and how long such ships can be made to last? Can space ships be made that will endure even longer voyages of thousands or even millions of years in the void of interstellar or even intergalactic space? Will ships, and their crews, fall apart or turn into Cargo Cults who no longer remember how their technology functions or what their mission was? Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/the-million-year-ark Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/the-million-year-ark-narration-only Credits: Generation Ships: The Million Year Ark Episode 155, S4E41 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: A.T. Long Darius Said Derek Hightower Gregory Leal https://www.gregschool.org/ Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Sigmund Kopperud Graphics: Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Justin Dixon Krisitijan Tavcar https://www.miragedereve.com LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Sam McNamara Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca De Rosa - [email protected] Music: Markus Junnikkala, “Plotting a Course" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/ Stellardrone, "Between The Rings" & "Edge of Forever" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Chris Zabriskie, "Mario Bava Sleeps In a Little Later Than He Expected To" http://chriszabriskie.com Koalips, “Kvazar" http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Koalips/ Aerium, "Deiljocht" (ft. Sieger) https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Ayreon, “The Theory of Everything Part 1" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCihO6uVisilu1mn4x2u-HOA

You can now support us on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/EventHorizonShow Event Horizon's Website: https://www.eventhorizonshow.com/ Can We Live On Mars? - Mars Colonization Explained In this episode of John Michael Godier's Event Horizon John's guest is founder of the Mars Society and author of The Case for Mars (2011) Robert Zubrin. They discuss how it is imperative for the human species to explore Space, the Solar System, and Mars in person, how that could and should be done, and when it should begin and why it hasn’t already. They discuss the possibility of microbial life and water on Mars, and Elon Musk and SpaceX plan's to speed up time tables for Mars colonization. Also discussed was the search for extraterrestrial alien life in the universe (SETI) through technosignatures. With Elon Musk's New BFR Rocket's can we get back to the Moon? Can we use the BFR to go to Mars? Is SpaceX's plan to Colonize Mars feasible? And what would it be like to grow up on Mars and be a Martian. https://www.marssociety.org/ https://www.youtube.com/user/TheMarsSociety Dr. Zubrin's Book's The Case for Mars: https://amzn.to/2O5RSQi Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism: https://amzn.to/2yevkSL First Landing: https://amzn.to/2xX0m2n Mars Direct: https://amzn.to/2pANx9n "Detection of Extraterrestrial Civilizations Via The Spectral Signature of Advanced Interstellar Spacecraft", Zubrin, 1995: http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1995ASPC...74..487Z John Michael Godier's books: https://amzn.to/2yBPLu0 Follow us on Twitter and Instagram @JMGEventHorizon https://www.instagram.com/jmgeventhorizon https://twitter.com/jmgeventhorizon CREDITS: Footage: SpaceX NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ESO PIXABAY NASA HUBBLE JPL Music STELLARDRONE https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com/ "RED GIANT" "THE BELT OF ORION" "NORTHERN LIGHTS" "TO THE GREAT BEYOND" "I DON'T BELONG HERE" "COMET HALEY" Music Credits: Miguel Johnson https://migueljohnson.bandcamp.com/ "NIGHT FOREVER" "DRIFTING" "THE EXPLORERS" "SO MANY STARS" Kai Engel https://kaiengel.bandcamp.com/ "ASPIRATO" THANKS TO DR. ZUBRIN AND OUR SUBSCRIBERS

Over the course of a century, three men cracked the ancient mystery of comets, transforming them from harbingers of death to mundane celestial objects: Tycho Brahe, Isaac Newton, and Edmond Halley. This is their story. Full Universe of Water playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLa0TgREKn12jUoCK0N4qQVgTgGalS6KDG Me on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/parallaxicality/ Me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/nickrwebb?lang=en-gb

Prof Carlo Rovelli explains why many physicists are wrong about dark energy, that it is not fine tuned or unnatural. Subscribe for more: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtOgKmAM4MeFu-jd-HB3_cg Carlo Rovelli is one of the founders of loop quantum gravity. He is the Director of the quantum gravity group of the Centre de Physique Théorique (CPT) of the Aix-Marseille University and Chief Editor of Foundation of Physics. Carlo is also the author of best selling popular physics books such as "Seven brief lesson on physics "and "Reality Is not what it seems". To see more of our exclusive interviews with many of the world's leading physicists, subscribe to our channel or click here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVDJJVoTx7s&list=PLJ4zAUPI-qqqj2D8eSk7yoa4hnojoCR4m to read Carlo more detailed argument see here: https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.3966

You can now support us on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/EventHorizonShow Event Horizon's Website: https://www.eventhorizonshow.com/ Follow us on Twitter and Instagram @JMGEventHorizon https://twitter.com/jmgeventhorizon https://www.instagram.com/jmgeventhorizon In our first episode of John Michael Godier's Event Horizon, we discuss the possibility of Alien civilizations moving to Galaxy Clusters to make the best use of mass and energy, why making copies of ourselves may be the key to interstellar travel and colonization, the habitability of planets around red dwarf stars such as Proxima Centauri, Black Holes, and so much more with our first guest Harvard Theoretical Physicist Dr. Avi Loeb, the Frank B. Baird Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University. Dr. Avi Loeb’s website https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/ From the First Star to Milkomeda By Dr. Avi Loeb https://www.amazon.com/First-Star-Milkomeda-Abraham-Loeb-ebook/dp/B014GCTXF0 A list of Dr. Loeb's commentaries and most recent essays in Scientific American: https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~loeb/Opinion.html https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/abraham-loeb/ Dr. Loeb's most recent public lecture on The Search for Life: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=987t23Tqyrc John Michael Godier's books: https://amzn.to/2yBPLu0 CREDITS FOOTAGE NASA JPL ESO HUBBLE PIXABAY MUSIC STELLARDRONE "ULTRA DEEP FIELD" "AIRGLOW" "LIGHT YEARS" "THE DIVINE COSMOS" "GRAVITATION" "ETERNITY" "I DON'T BELONG HERE" "TRANQUILITY" "ASCENT" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com CHRIS ZABRISKIE "CYLINDER 8" "CYLINDER 7" "CYLINDER 9" http://chriszabriskie.com KAI ENGEL "ENDLESS STORY ABOUT SUN AND MOON" "SNOWFALL" "MAREE" "ASPIRATO" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Hosted by John Michael Godier ANNA voiced by Eryn Knight Produced and Directed by Ross Campbell Created and Written by John Michael Godier Ross Campbell Eryn Knight For Business or Booking Enquiries Producer (at) johnmichaelgodier.com

A look at Neptune, a potential gateway to the stars... Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ The Icy Giants, Neptune and Uranus, are often overlooked for as candidates for colonizing our solar system. Even when noted, the focus tends to be on their larger moons like Triton. Today we will challenge that notion by looking at way we might place a colony on the planet itself, and how Orbital Rings and Chandelier Cities might let us colonize any gas giant. We will also look at how helium-3, a core ingredient of aneutronic fusion abundant on Neptune, might serve as the fuel of future starships, and the physics behind some other starship drives future science might give us access to, such as laser propulsion. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/colonizing-neptune Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/colonizing-neptune-narration-only Credits: Outward Bound: Colonizing Neptune Episode 152, Season 4 E38 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: Darius Said Gregory Leal https://www.gregschool.org/gregschoollessons/orbital-rings-and-planet-building Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Matthew Acker Sigmund Kopperud Producer Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Darth Biomech https://www.artstation.com/darth_biomech Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Katie Byrne Ken York of YD Visual https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Kit Carson Krisitijan Tavcar https://www.miragedereve.com Kris Holland (Mafic Studios) www.maficstudios.com LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Sergio Boterio https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca DeRosa - [email protected] Music: Markus Junnikkala, "Hail the Victorious Dead" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/ Serena Ellis, "Science" https://soundcloud.com/serenaelis Stellardrone, "Cepheid" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Chris Zabriskie,"We Were Never Meant to Live Here" http://chriszabriskie.com Aerium, "Fifth star of Aldebaran" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ NJ Mandaville, "Swell" https://soundcloud.com/nj-mandaville

Visit our sponsor, Skillshare: https://skl.sh/isaac4 Drones are becoming more common for military, commercial, and recreational purposes, today we will explore how these will impact us in the near future and far, for peace and warfare, on Earth and in the void of space. We will also examining the fundamental differences in the problems and challenges drones represent compared to more mentally sophisticated artificial intelligences or robots. Catalog of Episodes & Extras: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1E7UTCFWSRk1vuyjmYhSvtmvINVSU9tWy5LabQeHW9t8/edit?usp=sharing Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/attack-of-the-drones Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/attack-of-the-drones-narration-only Credits: Attack of the Drones Episode 151, Season 4 E37 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: Darius Said Gregory Leal https://www.gregschool.org/ Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Matthew Acker Matthew Campbell Stuart Graham https://beyondnerva.wordpress.com Producer Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Blackhammer Darth Biomech https://www.artstation.com/darth_biomech Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Ken York https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Kris Holland (Mafic Studios) www.maficstudios.com LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca DeRosa - [email protected] Music: Dracovallis, "Love and the Devil" https://dracovallis.bandcamp.com/ Chris Zabriskie, "Itasca Its Glowing Red Hot" http://chriszabriskie.com Stellardrone, "Eternity" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Kai Engel, "Endless Story About Sun and Moon" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Aerium, "The Darwin project" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Lombus, "Doppler Shores" https://lombus.bandcamp.com Markus Junnikkala, "We Roam The Stars" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE There’s quite a bit of stuff in the universe, to put it mildly. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: The Black Hole Entropy Enigma https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ab8JIzckx_M Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Luke Maroldi Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Twitter: @pbsspacetime Instagram: @matt_of_earth Hundreds of billions of galaxies, each with hundreds of billions of stars, each with … rather a lot of particles in them. And then there’s all the stuff that isn’t stars. The dark matter, black holes, planets, and the particles and radiation in between the stars and galaxies. Stuff EVERYWHERE! But… is the universe actually made of stuff? An increasing number of physicists view the universe – view reality as informational at its most fundamental level. But how big a memory bank would you even need to compute a universe? Seriously, let’s figure it out. Computational Capacity of the Universe (2001), by Seth Lloyd https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0110141 Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang Anton Lifshits CoolAsCats David Nicklas Fabrice Eap Quasar Dean Fuqua Mark Rosenthal Mayank M. Mehrota Roman Pinchuk Tambe Barsbay Vinnie Falco Hypernova Brent Mullins Chuck Zegar Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner John Hofmann Jordan Young Joseph Salomone Matthew O’Connor Ratfeast Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Alexander Rodriguez Alexey Eromenko Benoit Pagé-Guitard Brandon Cook Brandon Labonte Daniel Lyons David Crane Deborah Whittaker Fabian Olesen Greg Allen Greg Weiss James Flowers James Hughes JJ Bagnell Jon Folks Kevin Warne Malte Ubl Mark Vasile Nicholas Rose Nick Virtue Scott Gossett Shannan Catalano سلطان الخليفي

Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ In order to terraform new planets, we will need to be able transport entire ecologies & ecosystems through interstellar space in the future. Today we will examine how we could build and maintain such environments inside vast arks, generations ships able to colonize our galaxy, and the challenges these starships will face maintaining not just stores of DNA and genetic material but living organisms which depend heavily on other members of their species and other species to survive and thrive, not least of which is human ourselves. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/exporting-earth Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/exporting-earth-ships-narration-only Credits: Exporting Earth Episode 150, Season 4 E36 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: Darius Said Gregory Leal https://www.gregschool.org/ Jerry Guern Konstantin Sokerin Laura Graham Mark Warburton Matthew Acker Sigmund Kopperud Stuart Graham https://beyondnerva.wordpress.com Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Darth Biomech https://www.artstation.com/darth_biomech Fishy Tree https://www.deviantart.com/fishytree/ Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Katie Byrne Ken York https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Krisitijan Tavcar https://www.miragedereve.com LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Sam McNamara Sergio Boterio https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca DeRosa - [email protected] Music: Dracovallis, "Golden Meadows" https://dracovallis.bandcamp.com/ NJ Mandaville, "Intrumental Background 1" https://soundcloud.com/nj-mandaville Kevin Macleod, "Infinite Wonder" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSZXFhRIx6b0dFX3xS8L1yQ Chris Zabriskie, "Candlepower" http://chriszabriskie.com Kai Engel, "Endless Story About Sun and Moon" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Lombus, "Amino" https://lombus.bandcamp.com Aerium, "Windmill Forests" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Epic Mountain, "Rising Sky" https://soundcloud.com/epicmountain

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Thanks to CuriosityStream for supporting PBS Digital Studios. You can learn more at https://www.curiositystream.com/spacetime and use the code "spacetime" during the sign-up process. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: Is There Life on Mars? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VmEY6T5Wc-Q Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Luke Maroldi Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Black Holes should have no entropy, but they in fact hold most of the entropy in the universe. Let’s figure this out. If black holes exist – which, apparently, they do – they contradict other theories in physics as sacred as general relativity. They cause all sorts of problems with quantum theory, which we’ve talked about and will review in a sec. But they also present an apparent conflict with the notion of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It was while pondering that conflict that Jacob Bekenstein realized an incredible connection between black holes and thermodynamics. His insight launched an entire new way of thinking about the universe in terms of information theory, and ultimately led to the holographic principle. Which I promise we’re getting to and we’re almost there. We just need to understand string theory first and to understand that, you’re going need to know about why Black Holes contain most of the universe’s entropy. Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang Anton Lifshits CoolAsCats David Nicklas Fabrice Eap Quasar Dean Fuqua Mark Rosenthal Mayank M. Mehrota Roman Pinchuk Tambe Barsbay Vinnie Falco Hypernova Brent Mullins Chuck Zegar Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner John Hofmann Jordan Young Joseph Salomone Matthew O’Connor Ratfeast Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Alexander Rodriguez Alexey Eromenko Benoit Pagé-Guitard Brandon Cook Brandon Labonte Daniel Lyons David Crane Deborah Whittaker Fabian Olesen Greg Allen Greg Weiss James Flowers James Hughes JJ Bagnell Jon Folks Kevin Warne Malte Ubl Mark Vasile Nicholas Rose Nick Virtue Scott Gossett Shannan Catalano سلطان الخليفي

Use my link http://www.audible.com/isaac or text "ISAAC" to 500-500 to get a free book including a copy of "Who Goes There?" and a 30-day free trial of Audible. Alien puppeteers arriving on UFOs, body snatchers, and mimics are a staple of science fiction, but are they realistic? Today we'll examine these concepts and see if they might be possible under known science, or what similar scenarios extraterrestrial evolution or technology might be produce. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/parasitic-aliens Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/parasitic-aliens-narration-only Credits: Alien Civilizations: Parasitic Aliens Episode 149, Season 4 E35 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: A.T. Long Edward Nardella Evan Schultheis Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Matthew Acker Sigmund Kopperud Stuart Graham beyondnerva.wordpress.com Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Ken York https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca DeRosa - [email protected] Music: Martin Rezny, "Lifelight" https://soundcloud.com/martin-re-n-1 Markus Junnikkala, "A Memory of Earth" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/ Lombus, "Hydrogen Sonata" https://lombus.bandcamp.com AJ Prasad, "Staring Through" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xA8-7qwaEPU Sergey Cheremisinov, "Labyrinth" https://www.s-cheremisinov.com Lombus, "Time Slip" https://lombus.bandcamp.com

Measurements of a key parameter in cosmology do not agree. Is this the sign of exciting new physics, do we need to rethink some aspects of cosmology or is it just a measurement error? In this film, Nobel Prize winning physicist Adam Reiss, and George Efstathiou (who was the scientist chose to give the cosmology results for ESa's Planck Probe) are joined by astrophysicist Daniel Mortlock and theoretical cosmologist Claudia de Rham to discuss this latest puzzle for cosmology.

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Thanks to Wix for supporting PBS Digital Studios. You can go to https://bit.ly/2o1DSHZ to get started on Wix Code! In 100 trillion years the era of stars will be over. We live in an unusual age – the age when the stars still shine. We should count ourselves lucky – nearly all of future history will be dark. But events will still unfold in that long, cooling darkness, and civilizations may endure. So how will the universe and its far-future denizens spend eternity? You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: Quantum Theory's Most Incredible Prediction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7UwigY4SjKY What does the future of our Universe hold? Alas Lewis & Barnes https://youtu.be/hCXRnwpmJTc Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Luke Maroldi Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) In 100 trillion years the last star in the universe will expand the final atoms of its hydrogen fuel and settle quietly into a dim white dwarf, before slowly fading to black over as it radiates away its remnant heat. The era of stars will be over. That 100 trillion years is 10,000 times the current age of the universe, and so the days of starlight and warmth have a way to go. But even when they are done, the universe will be young in comparison to the long, dark ages to follow. In fact our universe will spend almost all of its infinite time in darkness, slowly crawling towards maximum entropy and ultimate heat death. Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang Anton Lifshits CoolAsCats David Nicklas Fabrice Eap Quasar Dean Fuqua Mark Rosenthal Mayank M. Mehrota Roman Pinchuk Tambe Barsbay Vinnie Falco Hypernova Chuck Zegar Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner Eugene Lawson John Hofmann Jordan Young Joseph Salomone Matthew O’Connor Ratfeast Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Alexander Rodriguez Alexey Eromenko Benoit Pagé-Guitard Brandon Cook Brandon Labonte Daniel Lyons David Crane Deborah Whittaker Fabian Olesen Greg Allen Greg Weiss Ian Anoan James Flowers James Hughes JJ Bagnell Jon Folks Kevin Warne Malte Ubl Mark Vasile Nicholas Rose Nick Virtue Scott Gossett Shannan Catalano سلطان الخليفي

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Let’s talk about the best evidence we have that the theories of quantum physics truly represent the underlying workings of reality. You can signup for your trial to The Great Courses Plus at: http://ow.ly/bugR30hIvbu Quantum field theory is notoriously complicated, built from mind-bendingly abstract mathematics. But are the underlying rules of reality really so far from human intuition? Or are physicists just showing off? For better or worse, the physicists are definitely on the right track. We know this because the predictions of quantum field theory stand up to experimental test time and time again. The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US, UK, and Australian markets. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: How Close To The Sun Can Humanity Get? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOzaGEAGzzA&t=1s Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Graeme Gossel and Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Luke Maroldi Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang Anton Lifshits CoolAsCats David Nicklas Fabrice Eap Quasar Dean Fuqua Mark Rosenthal Mayank M. Mehrota Roman Pinchuk Tambe Barsbay Vinnie Falco Hypernova Chuck Zegar Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner Eugene Lawson John Hofmann Jordan Young Joseph Salomone Matthew O’Connor Ratfeast Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Alexey Eromenko Asa Hood Benoit Pagé-Guitard Brandon Cook Brandon Labonte Daniel Lyons David Crane Deborah Whittaker Fabian Olesen Greg Allen Greg Weiss Ian Anoan James Flowers James Hughes JJ Bagnell Jon Folks Kevin Warne Malte Ubl Mark Vasile Nicholas Rose Nick Virtue Scott Gossett Shannan Catalano سلطان الخليفي

Watch Part 1: https://youtu.be/X2YtamBhSHg Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ Today we team up with Joe Scott to discuss 5 catastrophes that might threaten humanity in the future, and what we can do to prevent or mitigate them. Here in part 2, we will look at ways of dealing with those threat, which will include artificial intelligence, global warming & climate change, asteroids & comets, gamma ray bursts, and the eventual death of the Sun. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/5ways Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/5ways-narration-only Credits: 5 Ways the World Might End... and what we could to do to prevent it Episode 146, Season 4 E32 Writers: Isaac Arthur Script Editors: Jerry Guern Mark Warburton Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team Darth Biomech https://www.artstation.com/darth_biomech Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik https://www.artstation.com/zeuxis_of_losdiajana Katie Byrne Ken York https://www.facebook.com/YDVisual/ Kristijan Tavcar Mihail Yordanov Sam McNamara of Rapid Thrash Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator Isaac Arthur Music: Miguel Johnson, "Finale" https://soundcloud.com/migueljohnsonmjmusic Miguel Johnson, "So Many Stars" https://soundcloud.com/migueljohnsonmjmusic Sergey Cheremisinov, "Labyrinth" https://www.s-cheremisinov.com Aerium, "Fifth Star from Aldebran" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Denny Schneidemesser, "Bridge Ambience" https://soundcloud.com/denny-schneidemesser Lombus, "Hydrogen Sonata" https://lombus.bandcamp.com Denny Schneidemesser, "Across the Universe" https://soundcloud.com/denny-schneidemesser

Get Brilliant at http://www.brilliant.org/answerswithjoe/ And the first 295 to sign up for a premium account get 20% off every month! Today, we're discussing 5 plausible ways that the world could end, and I'm thrilled to be doing this as a 2-part collaboration with the one and only Isaac Arthur. Check out his video here: https://youtu.be/EsXmDKQp5_E Support me on Patreon! http://www.patreon.com/answerswithjoe Get some cool/nerdy T-Shirts! http://www.answerswithjoe.com/shirts Follow me at all my places! Instagram: https://instagram.com/answerswithjoe Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/answerswithjoe Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/answerswithjoe Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/answerswithjoe Obviously there are many end-of-the-world scenarios out there, but for the purposes of these videos, we chose to focus on these five: Grey Goo/Artificial Intelligence Runaway Greenhouse Effect (Global Warming) Comet or Asteroid Impact Gamma Ray Burst Death Of The Sun From the self-replicating nanobots of John Von Neumann and K Eric Drexler to the gamma ray burst that caused the Ordovician Extinction, and how the death of Venus may signal our own future on Earth, our planet faces a multitude of threats that could end life as we know it. LINKS LINKS LINKS: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician–Silurian_extinction_events#Gamma-ray_burst_hypothesis https://www.astrobio.net/news-exclusive/deadly-nearby-gamma-ray-burst/ https://www.thoughtco.com/gamma-ray-burst-destroy-life-earth-3072521 https://futurism.com/19943/ Last Day of the Dinosaurs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfABa2hn43o Venus: Death of a Planet https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TR-IWhZZDJY https://www.space.com/283-venus-alive-signs.html

A continued look at Generation Ships and Interstellar Colonization. Check out Cheddar's video on the Sun: https://chdr.tv/youtue6886 In order to colonize the galaxy, we are going to have to spend huge times on board equally huge spaceships. To move thousands of people, and our ecosystem, to distant planets, will require not only giant ark-like starships, but entire fleets of them. Today we will examine how we could do this even if physics never offers us any superior methods in the future for covering the void of interstellar space faster. Fringe FM Link: http://fringe.fm/20-isaac-arthur-on-colonizing-space-the-fermi-paradox-and-future-of-genetic-engineering/ Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/exodus-fleet-narration-only Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/exodus-fleet Credits: Upward Bound: Power Satellites Episode 145, Season 4 E31 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: A.T. Long Darius Said Derek Hightower Evan Schultheis Gregory Leal Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Sigmund Kopperud Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist Jakub Grygier Graphics Team Fishy Tree Gateway Foundation Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik Kristijan Tavcar Kris Holland of Mafic Studios LegionTech Studios Sam McNamara of Rapid Thrash Sergio Botero Narrator Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca de Rosa Music: NJ Mandaville, "A Long Way Still to Go" https://soundcloud.com/nj-mandaville Stellardrone, "The Edge of Forever" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Kai Engel, "Endless Story About Sun and Moon" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Chris Zabriskie, "Mario Bava Sleeps In a Little Later Than He Expected To" http://chriszabriskie.com Aerium ft. Sieger, "Deiljocht" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Lombus, "Goldilocks Analemma" https://lombus.bandcamp.com Sergey Cheremisinov, "Naive" https://www.s-cheremisinov.com Ayreon, "Theory of Everything" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCihO6uVisilu1mn4x2u-HOA

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Parker Space Probe successfully launched on August 12!!! http://parkersolarprobe.jhuapl.edu/ Help Us with the PBS Digital Studios Survey: https://to.pbs.org/2018YTSurvey Check Out PBS ReInventors: http://youtube.com/pbsreinventors You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: Reversing Entropy with Maxwell's Demon https://youtu.be/KR23aMjIHIY The Sun: an entity worshipped as a god throughout time and across cultures. The source of all life and sustenance for our little blue space rock, and also a force of unthinkable destructive power. But soon humanity will reach out its collective hand and come closer to touching the Sun than we ever have before with the launch of the Parker Solar Probe. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Drew Rosen and Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Vinnie Falco Hypernova Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray سلطان الخليفي Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Can a demon defeat the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics? You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: The Misunderstood Nature of Entropy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfffy12uQ7g Entropy is sometimes described as a measure of disorder or randomness. The second law of thermodynamics – the law that entropy must, on average, increase – has been interpreted as the inevitability of the decay of structure. This is … misleading. As we saw in our episode on the physics of life, structure can develop in one region even as the entropy of the universe rises. Ultimately, entropy is a measure of the availability of free energy – of energy that isn’t hopelessly mixed in thermal equilibrium. Pump energy into a small system and complexity can thrive.. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Vinnie Falco Hypernova Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray سلطان الخليفي Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook

Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ Watch Part 2: https://youtu.be/tbvmxo90F9I For today's 2-part episode we team again with John Michael Godier to discuss the future of humanity should we head out to colonize the galaxy and find it empty, and how we might end up encountering aliens even then. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/galactic-humanity-and-the-fermi-paradox Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/galactic-humanity-and-the-fermi-paradox-narration-only Credits: Galactic Humanity & the Fermi Paradox, part 1 Episode 143, Season 4, E28 Writers Isaac Arthur John Micheal Godier Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Dath Biomech Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik Justin Dixon Ken York Kristijan Tavcar LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Mihail Yordanov Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrators: Isaac Arthur John Michael Godier Music: Lombus, "Cosmic Soup" https://lombus.bandcamp.com Denny Schneidemesser, "Luminous Rays" https://soundcloud.com/denny-schneidemesser Aerium, "Fifth Star from Aldebran" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Miguel Johnson, "So Many Stars" https://soundcloud.com/migueljohnsonmjmusic Lombus, "Hydrogen Sonata" https://lombus.bandcamp.com Don't forget to catch Part 2 and thanks for Watching! Part 2: https://youtu.be/tbvmxo90F9I

Part II of a collaboration with Isaac Arthur on the possibilities of a galactic human future and what that might entail. Part I: https://youtu.be/-eG6vKe3OY0 https://www.brilliant.org/JMG Our previous collaboration on the concept of Uplifting: https://youtu.be/QzaYnrrEKbU https://youtu.be/wfDHt68-ANU Music: Drone in D by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200044 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Cylinder Three by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Lost Frontier by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300039 Artist: http://incompetech.com/ Cylinder Eight by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/ Endless Story About Sun and Moon by Kai Engel is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial License. https://www.kai-engel.com/ Cylinder Five by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/ Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics has been credited with defining the arrow of time. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: Quantum Invariance & The Origin of The Standard Model https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5kgruUjVBs Entropy is surely one of the most intriguing and misunderstood concepts in all of physics. The entropy of the universe must always increase – so says the second law of thermodynamics. It’s a law that seems emergent from deeper laws – it’s statistical in nature – and yet may ultimately be more fundamental and unavoidable than any other law of physics. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Vinnie Falco Hypernova Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray سلطان الخليفي Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook Malte Ubl

Use my link http://www.audible.com/isaac or text "ISAAC" to 500-500 to get a free book including a copy of "Rendevous with Rama" and a 30-day free trial of Audible. Today we will begin our look at the spaceships we might use for colonizing interstellar space in the future. In order to cover the vast distances between even the nearest stars in our galaxy within the boundaries of known physics, we need vessels able to voyage at high speeds for very long periods of time while carrying everything they need to colonize another solar system, a concept typically known as a space ark or generation ship. We will explore the challenges and options for such a vessel, as well as some alternative approaches to the problem. "The World, The Flesh And The Devil" by J.d. Bernal: https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.171486 Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/generation-ships Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/generation-ships-narration-only Credits: Generation Ships 142, Season 4 Episode 27 Writers Isaac Arthur Editors A.T. Long Darius Said Evan Schultheis Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Sigmund Kopperud Producer Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik Katie Byrne Kristijan Tavcar LegionTech Studios: https://hades9.com Sam McNamara https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Sergio Botero Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca De Rosa - [email protected] Music: Markus Junnikkala, "Plotting a Course" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/ Phase Shift, "Forest Night" https://www.last.fm/music/Phase+Shift/_/Enigmatic Aerium, "The Islands moved while I was asleep" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Stellardrone, "Between the Rings" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Denny Shneidemesser, "Constellations" https://soundcloud.com/denny-schneidemesser Koalips, "Kvazar" http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Koalips/ Ayreon, "The Theory of Everything" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCihO6uVisilu1mn4x2u-HOA

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE In simple terms a gauge theory is one that has mathematical parameters, or “degrees of freedom” that can be changed without affecting the predictions of the theory. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: Will A New Neutrino Change The Standard Model? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mXW1zPlxEE&t As far as we can tell, mathematics is the language in which the universe is written. Our laws of physics are equations of motion, along with some associated constants. Previously we’ve talked a bit about the symmetries of these equations, and how they lead us to conserved quantities. But this is just the tip of the theoretical iceberg - sometimes investigating the symmetries of these equations predicts entirely new physics. The most remarkable example of this is the standard model of particle physics. You know, the most accurate physical theory in all of human history. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Graeme Gossel and Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Vinnie Falco Hypernova Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray سلطان الخليفي Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook Malte Ubl

A visit to Ceres and the Asteroid Belt. Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ Ceres, a dwarf planet amid the Asteroid Belt, hold the potential to be the hub of a vast mining and manufacturing network in the Belt, as well as potentially growing the food to support future colonists. Today we'll look at colonizing Ceres and asteroid mining, faming in space, and a potential distant future of a developed asteroid belt. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/colonizing-ceres Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/colonizing-ceres-narration-only Credits: Outward Bound: Colonizing Ceres 141 Season 4 Episode 26 Writers Isaac Arthur Editors A.T. Long Derek Hightower Evan Schultheis Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Oliver Epsom Sigmund Kopperud Stuart Graham Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik Justin Dixon Ken York Kristijan Tavcar Kris Holland (Mafic Studios) www.maficstudios.com LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Sam MacNamara Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca De Rosa - [email protected] Music: Markus Junnikkala, "Hail the Victorious Dead" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/ Kai Engel, "Endless Story About Sun and Moon" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Stellardrone, "Last Day On Earth" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Epic Mountain, "Rising Sky" https://soundcloud.com/epicmountain Aerium, "The Islands moved while I was asleep" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Phase Shift, "Forest Night" https://www.last.fm/music/Phase+Shift/_/Enigmatic Lombus, "Amino" https://lombus.bandcamp.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Thanks to Curiosity Stream for supporting PBSDS. You can get the first 60 days free if you sign up at curiositystream.com/spacetime and use the code "spacetime" during the sign-up process. Since the discovery of the Higgs boson, physicists have searched and searched for any hint of new particles. That search has been fruitless. Until, perhaps, now. Today on Space Time Journal Club we’ll look at a paper that reports a compelling hint of a new particle outside the standard model: the sterile neutrino. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: How Asteroid Mining Will Save Earth https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TF6GRPaeLbk Regular neutrinos are a bit aloof. They don’t interact by the electromagnetic or strong nuclear forces – only by the weak nuclear force and gravity. They are so weakly interacting that they pass through matter like it isn’t there. To have a 50-50 chance of stopping any given neutrino you’d need a wall of lead … one light year thick! If regular neutrinos are aloof, then sterile neutrinos are the complete loners. They don’t even interact via the weak interaction. Even so, detection of sterile neutrinos would be incredibly important. Besides being the first expansion of the standard model family since the Higgs boson, sterile neutrinos are a candidate for dark matter, and their existence would have had a huge influence on the expansion of the early universe. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Drew Rosen and Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Vinnie Falco Hypernova Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook Malte Ubl

Text in 'How far away is it - Supernovae and Star Clusters' document http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Star-Clusters-and-Supernova-v2-1.pdf In this segment of our “How far away is it” video book, we cover Supernovae and star clusters. As we start Supernovae, we compare the magnitude of the exploding star that created the Helix Planetary Nebula with the explosion that created the Crab Nebula. We take the opportunity to describe the size and densities of White Dwarfs as compared to Neutron Stars. We also take a look at what the daytime sky might look like if Betelgeuse were to supernova. We then cover the Neutron Star that that a star supernova leaves behind. We take a deep look at the Crab Nebula’ Neutron star. We then take a look at the beautiful Veil Nebula and the Cygnus Loop. We then explain what a Type 1a Supernova is and how it works as a critically important standard candle. We show a binary star system with matter flowing through the L1 Lagrange point, and mention Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar’s solution to Einstein’s equations. We then take a look at the amazing remnants of past supernova explosions scattered across our galaxy including: SN 1006, RCW 86, Tycho Supernova SN 1572, Cassiopeia A with its Light Echoes, RCW 103 with its Magnetar, Kepler's supernova SN 1604, N 63A, and Supernova 1987A. For RCW 103, we illustrate the impact on the Earth if it were Capella that went supernova. We conclude this section on SN with a look at how we find them with transient facilities like the Zwicky Transient Facility at the Palomar Observatory. We continue on to Star Clusters by pointing out that there are two primary kinds of star clusters: open cluster and globular cluster. We visit some very beautiful open clusters including: the Pleiades, the Jewel Box (NGC 4755), Pismis 24 in NGC 6357, Terzan 5, NGC 6791, and the Quintuplet and Arches clusters. And then we visit some spectacular globular clusters including: 47 Tucanae, Omega Centauri, Terzan 5, M30 and M53. We conclude by adding brightest globular clusters and Type 1a Supernova as key standard candle rungs on our distance ladder. Music @00:00 Bach, Johann Sebastian: Air ‘on the G string’; Academy of St. Martin in the Fields – Sir Neville Marriner, 1974; from the album “The most relaxing classical album in the world…ever!” @06:39 Puccini, Giacomo: Preludio Sinfonico; Radio-Symphonie-Orchester Berlin and Riccardo Chailly; from the album “Puccini Without Words”, 2006 @13:00 Bach, Johann Sebastian: Herz und Mund und Tat und Leben, Canta-ta BWV 147 - Arr. Guillermo Figueroa - 10. Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring, Or-pheus Chamber Orchestra, from the album “Baroque – The Essentials, 2018 @16:08 Bizet, Georges: Entracte to Act III from “Carman”; Orchestre Na-tional de France / Seiji Ozawa, 1984; from the album “The most relaxing clas-sical album in the world…ever!” @21:12 Rachmaninov, Sergei: Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini – Variation 18; Cecile Ousset (Piano), City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra / Sir Si-mon Rattle, 1984; from the album “The most relaxing classical album in the world…ever!”

Try out Ecosia and support reforestation: https://ecosia.co/isaacarthur Technology may one day grant us a Utopia in which virtually all tasks are performed by robots and artificial intelligence. In such a post-scarcity civilization, people may have difficulty finding a purpose to existence. Today we will explore how this may come about, what the consequences of this existential threat might be, and what purposes people may find for themselves in such a future. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/purpose Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/purpose-narration-only Credits: Post-Scarcity Civilizations: Purpose ep 140 Season 4, Episode 26 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: A.T. Long Darius Said Dillon Olander Jerry Guern Justin Dixon Mark Warburton Matthew Acker Matthew Campbell Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team Jeremy Jozwik Justin Dixon Ken York Kristijan Tavcar Narrator Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca De Rosa - [email protected] Music: Dracovallis, "Cynthia" https://dracovallis.bandcamp.com/ Stellardrone, "Breathe In The Light" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Kai Engel, "Endless Story About Sun and Moon" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Chris Zabriskie, "A New Day in a New Sector" http://chriszabriskie.com Kai Engel, "Morbid_Imagination" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Aerium, "The Islands moved while I was asleep" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Lombus, "Cosmic Soup" https://lombus.bandcamp.com Brandon Liew, "Into the Storm" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LQ2I19QUIXA

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Thanks to Audible for supporting PBSDS. To start your free 30 day trial and receive a free audiobook visit https://www.audible.com/spacetime or text spacetime to 500 500! The days of oil may be numbered, but there’s another natural resource that’s never been touched, Asteroids. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: The Black Hole Information Paradox https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9XkHBmE-N34 The richest person in modern history, was John Davison Rockefeller, His net worth was three times greater than that of our richest tech billionaires, inflation adjusted. And the source of that fortune? Timely exploitation of a vast, then-untapped natural resource: oil. Well, the days of oil may be numbered, but there’s another natural resource that’s never been touched, is effectively inexhaustible, and has a dollar value large enough to disrupt entire economies. That resource? Asteroids, and the precious materials they contain. Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson predicts that the world’s first trillionaire will be an asteroid miner. The Rockefellers of the 21st century may be less like the internet and tech moguls of the 20th century and more like the old-school oil barons of the 19th century. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Drew Rosen and Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Vinnie Falco Hypernova Donal Botkin Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook Malte Ubl

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE Thank you to Brilliant for sponsoring this episode! To find out more, visit: https://brilliant.org/SpaceTime We’ve established by now that black holes are weird. The result of absolute gravitational collapse of a massive body: a point of hypothetical infinite density surrounded by an event horizon. At that horizon time is frozen and the fabric of space itself cascades inwards at the speed of light. Nothing can travel faster than light, and so nothing can escape from below the event horizon- not matter, not light, not even information. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed https://youtu.be/HF-9Dy6iB_4 These ideas are pretty mind-blowing, but as crazy as black holes are, they’re also kind of … simple. Don’t get me wrong; the math is complicated. But the objects themselves are simple. In fact every black hole in the universe, no matter how it formed or what happened to it afterwards, can be perfectly described with only three properties. Those properties are mass, angular momentum, and electric charge. Or at least this is the proposition behind the famous no-hair conjecture, or no-hair theorem. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Hypernova Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook

Today we take a trip inward, to explore Sun-Scorched Mercury. Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ Mercury is the nearest planet to the Sun, a seeming airless wasteland little discussed in conversations about colonizing our solar system. Today we will challenge that, and show that Mercury may be one of the most promising places for humanity to make new homes on. Watch Isaac's Interview on TMRO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrElrA-Qtio&t=1767 Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/colonizing-mercury Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/colonizing-mercury-narration-only Credits: Outward Bound: Colonizing Mercury Season 4, Episode 23 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: A.T. Long Darius Said Derek Hightower Edward Nardella Keith Blockus Jerry Guern Luca DeRosa Luke Parrish Mark Warburton Oliver Epsom Sam McNamara Sigmund Kopperud Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik Justin Dixon Katie Byrne Ken York Kris Holland (Mafic Studios) www.maficstudios.com Kristijan Tavar Mihail Yordanov Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca De Rosa - [email protected] Music: Markus Junnikkala, "Hail the Victorious Dead" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/ Koalips, "Kvazar" http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Koalips/ Aerium, "Fifth Star of Aldebaran" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Kai Engel, "Endless Story about Sun and Moon" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Denny Schneidemesser, "Across the Universe" https://soundcloud.com/denny-schneidemesser Lombus, "Cosmic Soup" https://lombus.bandcamp.com

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE You can get a free trial of The Great Courses Plus at http://ow.ly/c7tI30hIva3 We’ve established by now that black holes are weird. The result of absolute gravitational collapse of a massive body: a point of hypothetical infinite density surrounded by an event horizon. At that horizon time is frozen and the fabric of space itself cascades inwards at the speed of light. Nothing can travel faster than light, and so nothing can escape from below the event horizon- not matter, not light, not even information. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed https://youtu.be/HF-9Dy6iB_4 These ideas are pretty mind-blowing, but as crazy as black holes are, they’re also kind of … simple. Don’t get me wrong; the math is complicated. But the objects themselves are simple. In fact every black hole in the universe, no matter how it formed or what happened to it afterwards, can be perfectly described with only three properties. Those properties are mass, angular momentum, and electric charge. Or at least this is the proposition behind the famous no-hair conjecture, or no-hair theorem. Written and hosted by Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Hypernova Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US, UK, and Australian markets. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally.

Use my link http://www.audible.com/isaac or text "ISAAC" to 500-500 to get a free book including a copy of "The Singularity Trap" and a 30-day free trial of Audible. The ability to be able to copy or upload the mind has been discussed much in science fiction, and increasingly in science in recent years. Today we will examine many additional uses of Mind Uploading, along with how it works and some of its implications for concepts like Consciousness, Identity, and Individuality. We will also explore how these themes appear in Dennis E. Taylor's newest novel, The Singularity Trap, our Book of the Month. Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/brain-emulation-roadmap-report.pdf SFIA Recommended Books: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1PsSZyKofUpXIm2_kRoLLhfYdLDtEYfFdalHI9G4m2E8/edit?usp=sharing Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/mind-uploading Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/mind-uploading-narration-only Credits: Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: Dennis E. Taylor http://dennisetaylor.org Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Sigmund Kopperud Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik Ken York Kristijan Tavar LegionTech Studios https://hades9.com Narrator Isaac Arthur Dennis E. Taylor Music Manager: Luca De Rosa - [email protected] Music: Denny Shneidemesser, "Imminence" https://soundcloud.com/denny-schneidemesser Chris Zabriskie, "Candlepower" http://chriszabriskie.com Lombus, "Time Slip" https://lombus.bandcamp.com A.J. Prasad, "Staring Through (Part I)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xA8-7qwaEPU Stellardrone, "Maia Nebula" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Aerium, "Parks" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Epic Mountain, "Space Travel" https://soundcloud.com/epicmountain

Text in 'How far away is it - Planetary Nebula document at: http://howfarawayisit.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Planetary-Nebula-v2-1.pdf In this segment of our “How far away is it” video book, we cover Planetary Nebula. We begin by introducing astrophotography and how it adds to what we can see through a telescope with our eyes. We use NGC 2818 to illustrate how this works. This continues into the modern use of Charge-Coupled Devices and how they work. We use the planetary nebula MyCn18 to illustrate the use of color filters to identify elements in the nebula. We then show a clip illustrating the end-of-life explosion that creates objects like the Helix Planetary Nebula (NGC 7293), and show how it would fill the space between our Sun and our nearest star, Proxima Centauri. Then, we use the Cat’s Eye Nebula (NGC 6543) to illustrate expansion parallax. As a fundamental component for calculating expansion parallax, we also illustrate the Doppler Effect and how we measure it via spectral line red and blue shifts. We continue with a tour of the most beautiful planetary nebula photographed by Hubble. These include: the Dumbbell Nebula, NGC 5189, Ring Nebula, Retina Nebula, Red Rectangle, Ant Nebula, Butterfly Nebula, , Kohoutek 4-55, Eskimo Nebula, NGC 6751, SuWt 2, Starfish, NGC 5315, NGC 5307, Little Ghost Nebula, NGC 2440, IC 4593, Red Spider, Boomerang, Twin Jet, Calabash, Gomez’s Hamburger and others culminating with a dive into the Necklace Nebula. We conclude by noting that this will be the most likely end for our Sun, but not for billions of years to come, and we update the Cosmic Distance Ladder with the new ‘Expansion Parallax’ rung developed in this segment. Music: @00:00 Bizet, Georges: Entracte to Act III from “Carman”; Orchestre Na-tional de France / Seiji Ozawa, 1984; from the album “The most relaxing clas-sical album in the world…ever!” @02:29 Puccini, Giacomo: La Boheme, Act I: Mimi's Aria - "Si, mi chiamano mimi" (Instrumental Version); Sofia Philharmonic Orchestra, 2015; from the album “100 Must-Have Opera Karaoke” @05:14 Bach, Johann Sebastian: Air ‘on the G string’; Academy of St. Martin in the Fields – Sir Neville Marriner, 1974; from the album “The most relaxing classical album in the world…ever!” @11:47 Boccherini, Luigi: Minuet; from String Quintet in E Op. 13 No. 5 (arr Woohouse) Academy of St. Martin in the Fields – Sir Neville Marriner, 1980/1997; from the album “The most relaxing classical album in the world…ever!” @15:22 Rachmaninov, Sergei: Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini – Variation 18; Cecile Ousset (Piano), City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra / Sir Si-mon Rattle, 1984; from the album “The most relaxing classical album in the world…ever!” @18:18 Mendelssohn, Felix: Violin Concerto in E minor; Yehudi Menuhin (violin), Philharmonia Orchestra – Efrem Kurtz 1959/1997; from the album “The most relaxing classical album in the world…ever!” @22:49 Massenet, Jules: Meditation from ‘Thais’; Hans Kalafusz (violin), Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra / Sir Neville Marriner, 1987 EMI Elec-trola GmbH - from the album “The most relaxing classical album in the world…ever!”

Check out our new website for more incredible documentaries: HD and ad-free. https://goo.gl/LwMcmY The remarkable story of the determination and courage of a generation. A tribute to three brave astronauts and the thousands of men and women behind them during the final days of NASA's Apollo program. Want to watch more full-length Documentaries? Click here: http://bit.ly/1GOzpIu Follow us on Twitter for more - https://twitter.com/realstoriesdocs Facebook - https://www.facebook.com/RealStoriesChannel Instagram - @realstoriesdocs

The possibility that ancient civilizations might have encountered or even been influenced by extraterrestrials has fascinated us for as long as we knew there were distant suns they might visit from. Today we will examine the evidence and consider the numerous scenarios form the perspective of the Fermi Paradox, to see how reasonable the Ancient Aliens hypothesis is, and ask if the evidence of UFOs visiting us in the past is credible. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/ancient-aliens Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/ancient-aliens-narration-only Credits: Ancient Aliens & the Fermi Paradox Season 4, Episode 22 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: Darius Said Edward Nardella Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Mark Warburton Matthew Campbell Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Isaac Arthur Jeremy Jozwik Ken York Kristijan Tavar Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca De Rosa - [email protected] Music: Martin Rezny, "Lifelight" https://soundcloud.com/martin-re-n-1 Aerium, "Windmill Forests" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Phase Shift, "Enigmatic" https://www.last.fm/music/Phase+Shift/_/Enigmatic Chris Zabriskie, "There's Probably No Time" http://chriszabriskie.com Lombus, "Hydrogen Sonata" https://lombus.bandcamp.com

If sufficiently high-tech civilizations can simulate almost anything they desire, what would be the impact on how they viewed reality? Today we will explore the possible effects on civilizations when it's individual members can have anything they want, and if society can even continue to exists if its members cease interacting with each other in favor of simulated realities. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/reality-simulation Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/reality-simulation-narration-only Credits: Post-Scarcity Civilizations & Reality Season 4, Episode 21 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: Keith Blockus Sigmund Kopperud Darius Said Edward Nardella Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/artist/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Jeremy Jozwik Justin Dixon Kristijan Tavar Legion Tech Studios https://youtu.be/HrUvtdg-Mk0 Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator Isaac Arthur Music Manager Luca De Rosa [email protected] Music: Dracovallis, "Cynthia" & "The Frozen Chamber" https://dracovallis.bandcamp.com/ Stellardrone, "Satellite" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Aerium, "Parks" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Epic Mountain, "Zero Gravity" https://soundcloud.com/epicmountain Lombus, "Time Slip" https://soundcloud.com/lombusmusic Chris Zabriskie, "Wonder Cycle" http://chriszabriskie.com Markus Junnikkala, "The Time That is Given to us" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE If you have perfect knowledge of every single particle in the universe, can you use the laws of physics to rewind all the way back to the Big Bang? Is the entire history of the universe perfectly knowable? Or has information somehow lost along the way? You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: Noether's Theorem and The Symmetries of Reality https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04ERSb06dOg&t=2s The laws of physics are equations of motion. They are mathematical rules that dictate how systems evolve in time. Newton’s equations for classical mechanics, Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetism, and the Schrodinger equation for quantum mechanics. These laws can be used to predict how the universe will evolve into the future. They are deterministic; perfect knowledge of a system in the present perfectly predicts how the system will change in the next instant, and the instant after that, ad infinitum. But determinism in the forward-time direction does NOT guarantee that the same laws can perfectly predict the past. And yet this sort of deterministic symmetry - time-reversal symmetry - is essential for information itself to be conserved. Today we learn why conservation of information is such a fundamental requirement of quantum mechanics. In a future episode we’ll see how this law might be broken by black holes. Here's that fun proof that independent quantum states can't evolve into the same quantum state while preserving unitarity! Apologies for the unavoidable technical notation, but a quick college course in introductory quantum mechanics will get you up to speed in no time 😛 http://bit.ly/2Lpm6sL Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Graeme Gossel and Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Hypernova Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook

Use my link http://www.audible.com/isaac or text code isaac to 500-500 to get a free book and 30 day free trial We continue our look at Space Warfare by examining the notion of assaulting and invading planets. Often seen in fiction as vulnerable locations at the mercy of space-based weapons and fleets, we will see that they are far more hardened targets, able to serve as bastions against attack. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/planetary-assaults-invasions Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/planetary-assaults-invasions-narration-only Credits: Space Warfare: Planetary Assaults & Invasions Season 4, Episode 20 Writers: Isaac Arthur Editors: Derek Hightower Keith Blockus Sigmund Kopperud Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/artist/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Jeremy Jozwik Justin Dixon Legion Tech Studios Sam McNamara (Rapid Thrash) Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager Luca De Rosa [email protected] Music: Dracovallis, "The Bard and the Warrior" https://dracovallis.bandcamp.com/ Stellardrone, "Comet Halley" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com NJ Mandaville, "Swell" https://soundcloud.com/nj-mandaville Denny Schneidemesser, "Uncertain" https://soundcloud.com/denny-schneidemesser Kai Engel, "Endless Story About Sun and Moon" https://www.kai-engel.com/ Stellardrone, "Ocean of Galaxies" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Miguel Johnson, "Attack on the Colonies" https://soundcloud.com/migueljohnsonmjmusic

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE To learn more about Brilliant, you can go to https://brilliant.org/spacetime/ Conservation laws are among the most important tools in physics. They feel as fundamental as you can get. And yet they’re wrong - or at least they’re only right sometimes. These laws are consequences of a much deeper, more fundamental principle: Noether’s theorem. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: How Gaia Changed Astronomy Forever https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jdy09... Conservation laws are the cheat codes of physics. They make it possible to solve physics problems that would otherwise be painfully difficult, or even impossible. More than cheat codes – conservation laws are close to the source code – they emerge from profound and simple truths about the basis of reality. They emerge from the fundamental symmetries of nature. The connection between conservation laws and symmetry is encapsulated in Noether’s theorem. But before we dive into this extremely elegant idea, let’s talk about the seeming paradox that inspired it, and the genius who discovered it. Written and hosted by Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Hypernova Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook

The astonishing evidence that a deadly meteorite impact may have played a part in the adoption of Christianity by the Roman Empire, and so changed the world. ---- This channel offers you full episodes of high quality documentaries. Enjoy and don't forget to subscribe 🙂 ---- Other channels you might be interested in: criminals and crimefighters: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYuXyzwA_w4-c1FJrqOnR0A hazards and catastrophes: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5WE_bClugxSVG1ENir8qzg

To see deeper into space, we will need much bigger telescopes. Visit our sponsor, Brilliant: https://brilliant.org/IsaacArthur/ As astronomy seeks to find and study distant planets and peer further and more accurately into space and time, the limitations of ground based telescopes, especially optical telescopes, represents our largest barrier. Today we will examine what those limitations are, and ways to make vastly more enormous telescopes and arrays. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur SFIA Merchandise available: https://www.signil.com/sfia Social Media: Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Isaac_A_Arthur on Twitter and RT our future content. SFIA Discord Server: https://discord.gg/v5UKTsz Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: Episode's Audio-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/megatelescopes Episode's Narration-only version: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/megatelescopes-narration-only Credits: Megatelescopes Season 4, Episode 19 Writers: Isaac Arthur Mark Warburton Editors: Darius Said Jerry Guern Keith Blockus Producer: Isaac Arthur Cover Artist: Jakub Grygier https://www.artstation.com/artist/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Jarred Eagley Jeremy Jozwik Justin Dixon Katie Byrne Luca DeRosa Mihail Yordanov Sam McNamara (Rapid Thrash) Sergio Botero https://www.artstation.com/sboterod?fref=gc Narrator: Isaac Arthur Music Manager: Luca De Rosa [email protected] Music: Stellardrone, "Billions And Billions" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com Aerium, “Waters of Atlantis" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnUJY3l5vIJFGsY3XvW4dQ Lombus, “Time Slip" https://soundcloud.com/lombusmusic Markus Junnikkala, "A Memory Of Earth" https://www.markusjunnikkala.com/ Stellardrone, "Light Years" https://stellardrone.bandcamp.com

Subscribe to Naked Science – http://goo.gl/wpc2Q1 Where does a cup of coffee come from? In this film, it’s not Starbucks, it’s stars busting. We go right back to the beginning of time to show where the ingredients in your cup of coffee were born. The main ingredient is hydrogen; it makes up most of the water in your cup. And that formed in the big bang. How it got from there, into your cappuccino is one of the most dramatic stories in science. It has taken thousands of scientists to track its trail. We follow it through stars and galaxies, exploding supernovae, and giant clouds of gas to show just how it reached your cup. But that isn’t the end of the story. For where it goes in the future, depends on the fate of the universe. Will it carry on expanding for ever, or tear itself apart?

Viewers like you help make PBS (Thank you 😃) . Support your local PBS Member Station here: https://to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE The great advances in any science tend to come in sudden leaps. April 25th of 2018 marks the beginning of just such a leap for much of astronomy. In the early hours of the morning, the Gaia mission’s second data release dropped. Our understanding of our own galaxy will never be the same again. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: The Star at the End of Time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-iWGtQ03OZM The Gaia satellite was launched in late 2013, entirely built and operated by the European Space Agency. It’s primary goal is to map the stars of the Milky Way with a scale and precision orders of magnitude greater than ever before. Gaia’s predecessor, Hipparcos, catalogued 120 thousand stars, Gaia blows it out of the water with positions, colors and brightnesses of nearly 1.7 billion stars. Gaia can see orders of magnitude fainter and further away than previous missions. But its greatest superpower is its precise astrometry – Gaia can pin down a star’s position to the equivalent of a human hair’s width at 1000 km. That’s one-to-two thousand times smaller than the resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Drew Rosen and Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Hypernova Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook