SPACE WEATHER

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen Our Sun gets busy this week! We have multiple solar storms in the inner heliosphere, including one that is headed towards Mars and one that is headed towards Earth! The storm headed towards Mars should arrive sometime early on May 11th and it is driving a minor radiation storm towards that planet. This means both Ingenuity Helicopter and Perseverance Rover are being bathed in a slightly elevated radiation environment that will die down after the storm hits on May 11. Let's hope this elevated dose does not impact Ingenuity's flight plans or mission success! As for the solar storm headed towards Earth, we have two predictions, one is that the storm will arrive by May 12 and be a glancing blow to the East, the other prediction, made after SOHO/LASCO coronagraph data became available, indicates the bulk of the solar storm will actually travel west of Earth, with only a weak flank hitting Earth early on May 13. Likely the truth is somewhere in between! This means aurora photographers should prepare for possible aurora on both the 12th and the 13th, as it is a bit difficult to know from the model runs when the storm will hit! On top of all of these solar storm launches, we have a very active flare player, region 2822 that has been firing off moderate to large flares since before it rotated into Earth view. Likely this region will continue to be flare active for a few more days, possibly even a week before it calms down. This means radio propagation will be noisy on Earth's dayside, and GPS reception could be affected, especially near dawn and dusk. Learn the details of the solar storms headed towards Mars and Earth, say hello to active region 2822 as it fires off more flares, and come see what else our Sun has in store this week. Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

Parodying the classic sea shanty The Wellerman, “The Solar Wind: A Heliophysics Sea Shanty” illuminates one of the primary connections between the Sun and Earth, the solar wind. The solar wind is a constant outflow of magnetized material released by the Sun and causes a cascade of effects on space and Earth. The most visible of these from our planet is the aurora borealis, displays of colorful light in the sky that provide a stunning example of the Sun-Earth connection. Find the latest NASA heliophysics research at https://www.nasa.gov/nasa.gov/sunearth. Participants (in order of appearance): Douglas E. Rowland (NASA/GSFC) Ashley Greeley (USRA) Ian Richardson (UMD) Jeff Klenzing (NASA/GSFC) Susannah Darling (ADNET) Credits: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Susannah Darling (ADNET): Producer Joy Ng (USRA): Editor Nick Leonard (Freelance): Audio Engineer Miles Hatfield (Telophase): Drums Aaron E. Lepsch (ADNET): Technical Support Lyrics: [Verse 1] There once was a star in a galaxy It was named the Sun and thankfully It weaves a solar tapestry Sends particles high and low [Chorus] Soon may the solar wind come To bring us plasma and magnetism Filled with hydrogen and helium And the solar wind will blow [Verse 2] The solar wind charts a course Pulling lines of magnetic force Flowing outwards from the source Throws particles to and fro Hyuh! [Chorus] Soon may the solar wind come To bring us plasma and magnetism Filled with hydrogen and helium And the solar wind will blow [Verse 3] The Earth spun with its iron core While the solar wind knocks at the door Magnetosphere screams “no more!” Until it must let go [Verse 4] Once a magnetic line is freed Buckling under the wind’s stampede It whips back with tremendous speed Sends particles to the poles [Chorus] Soon may the solar wind come To bring us plasma and magnetism Filled with hydrogen and helium And the solar wind will blow [Verse 5] The particles speed back here And ricochet through the atmosphere Exciting oxygen and nitrogen there Making those particles glow [Verse 6] On and on the cycle spins Sun and Earth are celestial kin Dancing through the solar wind Connected by its flow [Chorus] Soon may the solar wind come To bring us plasma and magnetism Filled with hydrogen and helium And the solar wind will blow [Chorus] Soon may the solar wind come To bring us plasma and magnetism Filled with hydrogen and helium And the solar wind will blow This video can be shared and downloaded at https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13853. Some individual imagery may have been obtained through permission and may not be excised or remixed in other products. Specific details on stock footage may be found here https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13853. For more information on NASA’s media guidelines, visit https://nasa.gov/multimedia/guidelines. If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: https://www.youtube.com/NASAGoddard Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center: · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddardPix · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASAGoddard · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc

Dr. Lisa Upton – Space Systems Research Corporation – The Sun, Space Weather and the Solar Activity Cycle The Sun is an exciting and challenging area of study. The Sun provides Earth with warmth, light, and energy. As the largest body in the solar system, the Sun is the focal point. It guides the planets in their orbits and is the source of all space weather. Worshiped by cultures throughout history, the Sun was once thought to be constant and unchanging. It is only in modern times that is has become evident that the Sun is in fact extremely dynamic. Since the invention of the telescope, knowledge of the Sun has grown at an extraordinary rate. In this lecture, Dr. Upton provides a general introduction to the Sun, Space Weather, and the Solar Activity Cycle. She describes many phenomena observed on the Sun, including sunspots, coronal loops, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). She also discusses how the frequency of solar phenomena varies with the 11 year solar activity cycle, and how this is produced by the solar dynamo, and how these phenomena drive space weather, interacting with the Earth and the rest of the heliosphere. She concludes with the current state of solar activity and the outlook for Solar Cycle 25 Dr. Lisa Upton received her Ph.D. in Physics from Vanderbilt University in May of 2014. For her PhD dissertation (Characterizing and Modeling Magnetic Flux Transport in the Sun’s Photosphere and Determining Its Impact on the Sunspot Cycle), Dr. Upton developed (along with David Hathaway) a cutting-edge Surface Flux Transport model, the Advective Flux Transport (AFT). Lisa used the AFT model to investigate the importance of high latitude meridional flow variations in modulating the solar cycle as well as the ability of AFT to produce solar cycle predictions. September of 2014, Dr. Upton relocated to Colorado. There she began working for Space Systems Research Corporation (SSRC) and held a role as a Visiting Scientist at the High Altitude Observatory in Boulder, CO.. In the spring of 2017, she took a sabbatical from SSRC to accept an NSF postdoctoral fellowship for two-years. In the fall of 2018, NOAA and NASA convened the Solar Cycle 25 Prediction Panel. Lisa was asked to serve as the NASA representative co-chair of the panel alongside Doug Biesecker (NOAA). Together, they led a panel of 12 to conduct a survey of forecasts for the amplitude and timing of Solar Cycle 25 in order to obtain and recommend a consensus forecast. This forecast serves as the official Solar Cycle 25 Prediction for NOAA, NASA, and the International Space Environment Services (ISES). In March of 2019, she returned to and continues to work as a solar physicist for SSRC. Lisa’s current research goals are aimed at understanding the solar dynamo, solar cycle variability, and the impact on the Sun-Earth environment. In particular her interests lie in observing and modeling magnetic flux transport of the Sun in order to improve Space Weather and Space Climate predictions.

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen This week our Sun turns on the heat with multiple new bright regions emerging and several solar storm launches. The most notable bright region is 2814, which is the most complex sunspot cluster we've seen thus far in this new cycle. as such it is boosting the solar flux well into the mid-70s and at times, we have even jumped up to the low 80s for a short bit. The region is also firing off low-level flares so we will be watching it closely for continued growth. In addition, we had a nearly Earth-directed solar storm launch this week, which will graze Earth around April 15. This stealthy solar storm is expected to be pretty weak, which means aurora at high latitudes is likely, but the chances for aurora at mid-latitudes is pretty fleeting. However, we do have a large coronal hole that will be rotating into the Earth-strike zone later this week and into next week so we could get some nice pockets of fast solar wind that could bring more chances of aurora in the coming days. Learn the details of this coming solar storm and the fast solar wind that will follow, see the growth and complexity of the new sunspot region 2814, and find out why GPS users and amateur radio operators should be smiling this week. Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen This week we have several coronal holes rotating through the Earth-strike zone, which could bring some more aurora over the early part of this upcoming week. Aurora photographers, especially at high latitudes should get a good show through mid-week, and photographers at mid-latitudes could catch some glimpses of aurora, especially through the early part of this week. On top of that we also have a new sunspot, region 2813 that is boosting the solar flux on Earth's dayside for radio amateurs and emergency responders alike to keep us in the marginal range for radio propagation. Even if this region fizzles, we will have some new bright regions rotating into Earth-view from the Sun's farside that should help maintain these marginal radio conditions throughout the week. Although the space weather may be a bit on the dull side, this is actually a blessing in disguise as the Ingenuity Helicopter begins its solo journey on the Red Planet. In the Martian Minute, we dive into the deployment of this little helicopter and why good weather is so important to it's survival. Learn more details about what is next for Ingenuity and when it will take it's first flight on Mars, find out more about the new sunspot and coming fast solar wind and how they might affect radio propagation and GPS reception, and see what else our Sun has in store! Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen This week our star continues to ramp up activity with more fast solar wind and some new bright regions. The fast solar wind has already brought aurora down to mid-latitudes over the past few nights and more is to come! In addition, another coronal hole will soon be rotating into the Earth-strike zone, which will bring more aurora chances. Amatuer radio operators are also enjoying a small boost in solar flux due to several new bright regions on the Earth-facing Sun. One of these, region 2808 is helping the most and is even firing small flares on and off. In addition, we have yet another large bright region that will rotate into view from the Sun's farside in a few days and that will ensure the solar flux dstays in the high 70s to low 80s. This means we will continue to be well into marginal radio propagation conditions over this week, and likely into next. The only issue will be the ongoing mild storming on Earth's nightside due to the fast solar wind. This will affect radio propagation and GPS reception a bit, easily throughout the week. Learn the details of the fast solar wind, catch up on recent aurora from the ongoing solar storms, and see what else our Sun has in store! Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see the links in my previous videos. This space I am saving for links to the aurora photographer credits highlighted this week! Aurora Field Reporter Photos: Adrien Mauduit, Senja, Norway: https://twitter.com/NightLights_AM/status/1369305050078732289 Chigaga, Murmansk, Russia: https://twitter.com/chipika3/status/1370462449573507073 Chris Cogan, Muie, Scotland: https://twitter.com/cogie_s/status/1370761913785851905 North Coast Snapper, Northern Ireland: https://twitter.com/Northcoastsnap/status/1366888327778099201 James Rowley Hill, Norfolk, UK: https://twitter.com/chunder10/status/1370454448389165062 Kareen, Sheltand, UK: https://twitter.com/Kareen_B_H/status/1370511093269987333 Kim Hines, North of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/KimHinesSN/status/1366971248421466116 Deb Maluk, Sandy Lake, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/dmaluk1/status/1370643393840254984 Donna, Plumas, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/LachDonna/status/1363377097813688320 Siv Heang, Calgary Alberta, Canada: https://twitter.com/hoodoos84/status/1363288455728427010 https://twitter.com/hoodoos84/status/1369481518230368258 Tree Tanner, Alix, Alberta, Canada: https://twitter.com/treetanner/status/1366432570175418368 Shannon Kivi (906 images), Marquette. Michigan, USA: https://www.facebook.com/906Images/posts/1926874194146125 ShelbydiamondStar Photogrpahy, Eagle Hrbor, Michigan, USA: https://www.facebook.com/shelbydiamondstar/posts/1939349419566394 Vincent Ledvina, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA: https://twitter.com/Vincent_Ledvina/status/1370647415867514880 Jake Stehli, central Wisconsin, USA: https://twitter.com/eljakeo30/status/1366970385225420804 ChasingNature Photography, Awarua Bay, New Zealand: https://twitter.com/Chasingnatureph/status/1370679885547532288 Angus McNaughton, Boulder Beach, New Zealand: https://twitter.com/AngusMcNaughton/status/1363528229840019456 Tim, Invercargill, New Zealand: https://twitter.com/JediTimbob/status/1363312579657928717

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen This week our Sun causes us to wait for some action to arrive. We have two coronal holes in view this week that will rotate into the Earth-strike zone over the next few days. These will bring some much needed aurora to high latitudes and possibly mid-latitudes during the early part of the week and again round the next weekend, especially since the last solar storm fizzled! In addition, we have several new bright regions on the Earth-facing Sun that are boosting the solar flux up into the low 80s and ensuring marginal radio propagation on the dayside of Earth. These regions are also firing minor flares so that means amatuer radio operators might hear a little noise on the bands. Sadly, these regions will rotate out of view over the next few days, which will drop the solar flux back into the 70s, but it shouldnt be too bad. At least the drop in solar flux will help GPS reception on Earth's dayside, but reception on earth's nightside will likely be impacted near dawn and dusk and at high latitudes near aurora once the fast solar wind arrives. Learn the details of the coming fast wind and see what else our Sun has in store! Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen This week our Sun has livened things up a bit with some fast solar wind that has kept us at active conditions for several days and brought aurora to many places around the world. But just as this solar storm begins to wane, the Sun launches another solar storm, this time from filament that has been slingshot towards Earth. The NASA prediction model runs indicate this new solar storm will hit Earth as early as February 23rd. NOAA prediction model run is not quite as optimistic and shows the solar storm going mainly east of Earth, and only grazing our planet around the 24th. Either way, because Earth's magnetic shield has already been rattled, it wont take much to bring us back up to active conditions and very possibly storm levels. So, aurora photographers should keep their batteries charged because we could be in for some more aurora views, even down to mid-latitudes. As for amateur radio and emergency operators, the solar flux is remaining in the mid-70s, thanks to bright region 2803 and this means radio propagation will stay in the marginal range on Earth's day side. However, because of the solar storm, radio propagation might be a bit enhanced on the dayside, even as propagation tanks on the nightside over this week. GPS users should also be careful as GPS reception will be impacted near dawn and dusk and anywhere near aurora during the solar storming. Learn the details of the coming solar storm, catch up on aurora photos during the recent storming, and see what else our Sun has in store this week. Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images in this video see links in my other forecasts. This week Im saving room for links to the aurora field reporter photos highlighted this week. Aurora Field Reporter Credits: Adrien Mauduit, Senja, Norway: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=2202084106588724&set=pcb.2202085229921945 Chris Cogan, Muie, Scotland: https://twitter.com/cogie_s/status/1363513858766364675 Andy Cole, Scotland: https://twitter.com/mracole1977/status/1363570723659350017/ John-GM7PBB, Isle of Lewis, Scotland: https://twitter.com/GM7PBB/status/1361841982667169795 Kareen, Sheltand, UK: https://twitter.com/Kareen_B_H/status/1363647685274836995 Carolyn Hailstones, LiveAurora Network, Reykjavik, Iceland: https://twitter.com/CarolynHailston/status/1362910794279714817 Live Aurora Network, Iceland: https://twitter.com/LiveAuroraNetw1/status/1363231601908400134 Rob Paularinne, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10164907987410438&set=pcb.5756563264369328 Kim Hines, North of Winnipeg, Manitboa, Canada: https://twitter.com/KimHinesSN/status/1363029716819578882 Deb Maluk, Sandy Lake, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/dmaluk1/status/1363036448161628166 Justin Anderson, Clear Lake, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/AuroraJAnderson/status/1363216447850209280 Steph Cassin, Torquay, Saskatchewan, Canada: https://twitter.com/stephedgar87/status/1363371881882034176 Gunjan Sinha, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: https://twitter.com/gunjansinha2017/status/1361709078813184002 Sheri Skocdopole, Central Alberta, Canada: https://twitter.com/hissweetpea66/status/1363580145487867904 Images By Stan, Andrew, Alberta, Canada: https://twitter.com/ImagesByStan/status/1363057311992795136 Tree Tanner, Alix, Alberta, Canada: https://twitter.com/treetanner/status/1363186060818219012 Tracy Petreman, Alberta, Canada: https://twitter.com/tracypetr/status/1363042767824248832 Alaska Outdoors Photography with Jeff-n-Jenn, Alaska, Fairbanks, USA: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=178047060783256&set=pcb.178047200783242 David Braithwaite, Ontonagon, Michigan, USA: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=3712382368814813&set=gm.5754740927884895 Bob Conzemius, craigville and Big Falls, Minnesota, USA: https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10221918100894737&set=gm.5761478743877780 Vincent Ledvina, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA: https://twitter.com/Vincent_Ledvina/status/1363040449951334400 Kieren Black, Hobart, Tasmania: https://www.facebook.com/kieren.black.90/videos/3056698637899458 Paul LeComte, Dunedin, New Zealand: https://twitter.com/five15design/status/1361853409398124546 Maritime Union AU, Vessel in Antartica: https://twitter.com/MaritimeUnionAU/status/1363236879135477760 Ian Griffin, New Zealand: https://twitter.com/iangriffin/status/1363137872669278211

I wrote a foreword for this awesome Sci-Fi book here: https://amzn.to/3aGrg0I Get a Wonderful Person shirt: https://teespring.com/stores/whatdamath Alternatively, PayPal donations can be sent here: paypal.me/whatdamath Hello and welcome! My name is Anton and in this video, we will talk about a new study that discovered what the solar cycles were like for the past 1000 years. Paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-020-00674-0 or https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/retrieve/e828fabe-0f4d-4a79-a48e-1d0b6095da8a/Brehm%20et%20al%202021%20supplementary.pdf Carbon dating game: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/nuclear-physics/latest/nuclear-physics.html?simulation=radioactive-dating-game Paper with an image used: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-schematic-of-the-200-keV-MICADAS-accelerator-mass-spectrometry-developed-at-ETH_fig1_288020604 Support this channel on Patreon to help me make this a full time job: https://www.patreon.com/whatdamath Alternatively, PayPal donations can be sent here: paypal.me/whatdamath Space Engine is available for free here: http://spaceengine.org Enjoy and please subscribe. Bitcoins to spare? Donate them here to help this channel grow! 1GFiTKxWyEjAjZv4vsNtWTUmL53HgXBuvu Twitter: https://twitter.com/WhatDaMath Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/whatdamath Twitch: http://www.twitch.tv/whatdamath The hardware used to record these videos: New Camera: https://amzn.to/34DUUlv CPU: https://amzn.to/2LZFQCJ Video Card: https://amzn.to/2M1W26C Motherboard: https://amzn.to/2JYGiQQ RAM: https://amzn.to/2Mwy2t4 PSU: https://amzn.to/2LZcrIH Case: https://amzn.to/2MwJZz4 Microphone: https://amzn.to/2t5jTv0 Mixer: https://amzn.to/2JOL0oF Recording and Editing: https://amzn.to/2LX6uvU Some of the above are affiliate links, meaning I would get a (very small) percentage of the price paid. Thank you to all Patreon supporters of this channel Specifically, great thanks to the following members: Morrison Waud Vlad Manshin Mark Teranishi TheHuntress Ralph Spataro Albert B. Cannon Lilith Dawn Greg Lambros adam lee Gabriel Seiffert Henry Spadoni J Carter Jer Silver surfer Konrad Kummli Nick Dolgy UnexpectedBooks.com Mario Rahmani George Williams Shinne Jakub Glos Johann Goergen Jake Salo LS Greger Lyndon Riley Lauren Smith Michael Tiganila Russell Sears Vinod sethi Dave Blair Robert Wyssbrod Randal Masutani Michael Mitsuda Assaf Dar Sagol Liam Moss Timothy Welter MD Barnard Rabenold Gordon Cooper Tracy Burgess Douglas Burns Jayjay Volz Anataine Deva Kai Raphahn Sander Stols Bodo Graßmann Daniel Charles Smith Daniel G. Eugene Sandulenko gary steelman Max McNally Michael Koebel Sergio Ruelas Steven Aiello Victor Julian Castillo xyndicate Honey Suzanne Lyons Olegas Budnik Dale Andrew Darling Niji Peter Hamrak Matthew Lazear Alexander Afanasyev Anton Newman Anton Reed

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen Our Sun wakes up a bit this week to bring us some gorgeous eye-candy in the shape of a snake! A huge filament, that almost stretches across the entire Earth-facing Sun is snaking through the Earth-strike zone now. If it erupts, not only will it give us a gorgeous spectacle, but it will launch an Earth-directed solar storm. Needless to say, we are watching it very closely. In addition, we have some fast solar wind from two coronal holes that is hitting Earth now. This fast wind has already brought us up to active conditions over the past several days and may easily do so again. Aurora photographers, especially at high latitudes should be in for a nice show over the next several days. Our Sun has also launched a solar storm to the west of Earth, but it may graze us sometime around mid-week. If that happens, it will enhance the effect of the fast solar wind and possibly bring aurora down to mid-latitudes. Definitely a lot happening in terms of solar storms this week! As for amateur radio operators, the solar flux continues to remain in the low 70s, which means marginal radio propagation on earth's dayside. There are a few bright regions in STEREO's view, which means solar flux might boost a little to the mid-70s over this week, but expect marginal propagation conditions to continue throughout the week. At least this low solar flux and lack of sunspots means GPS reception on Earth-'s dayside is good, even if the solar storming might disrupt reception near dawn and dusk and near aurora on Earth's nightside. Learn the details of this week's activity and check in with the weather at Mars as we prepare for the landing of Mars2020 with Perseverance Rover and Helicopter Ingenuity on February 18. Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen This week fast solar wind comes in waves as we have multiple coronal holes rotating through the Earth-strike zone. The first coronal hole is sending us fast wind now and the next will send us a second wave in through the weekend. This means high latitudes will experience some decent aurora shows through week's end and even mid-latitudes will get some fleeting chances. Sadly, the single sunspot on the Earth-facing disk is rotating to the Sun's farside now and solar flux will likely drop into the low 70s. However, we should be able to hang on to marginal radio propagation on Earth's dayside over the course of this week. GPS users should also enjoy good reception on Earth's dayside, but GPS reception on earth's nightside, especially near dawn or dusk and near aurora will be impacted. Learn the details of these waves of fast solar wind, how the SOHO/LASCO instrument is being impacted due to terrestrial weather and maintenance, and see what else our Sun has in store! Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

Witness stunning computational models of extreme solar eruptions and learn how they enhance our ability to forecast threatening solar activity. As we make plans to return humans to the Moon, what risks do solar radiation and activity pose for astronauts in space? In this recording of the first virtual Frontiers lecture from the @American Museum of Natural History, held October 21, 2020, join researchers to learn how they are using computational modeling and the OpenSpace visualization software to tackle this question. Dr. Jon Linker, president of Predictive Science Inc. and co-investigator on the NASA STEREO and SDO missions, and Carter Emmart, the American Museum of Natural History's Director of Astrovisualization presented while OpenSpace was piloted by Elon Olsson from the Community Coordinated Modeling Center at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. ————————— Creation of this show was made possible in part by funding under the project “Quantifying the Risk of Extreme Solar Eruptions” (QUEST) in the National Science Foundation’s Prediction of and Resilience against Extreme Events (PREEVENTS) program and by the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC) Space Weather Research, Education and Development Initiative (REDI) funded by the National Science Foundation. In addition to NSF, funding for the scientific results described in the show was provided by NASA under the LWS, HSR, and SBIR/STTR programs, and by AFOSR. Scientific contributors include: Jon Linker, Tibor Torok, Ronald Caplan, Cooper Downs, Roberto Lionello, Pete Riley, and Viacheslav Titov (Predictive Science Inc.); Nathan Schwadron, Matthew Young, and Matthew Gorby (University of New Hampshire); Emilie Ho, Christian Adamsson (Linköping University, CCMC); Masha Kuznetsova, Leila Mays, Elon Olsson, and Lutz Rastaetter (CCMC); Janet Barzilla, Phil Quinn, Katie Whitman, Michael Cook, and Clayton Allison (NASA Johnson Space Center Space Radiation Analysis Group). ————————— The content is rendered using the open-source astrovisualization software OpenSpace (http://openspaceproject.com), developed in collaboration between American Museum of Natural History, Linköping University, New York University, and the University of Utah. OpenSpace is funded in part by NASA under award No NNX16AB93A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. OpenSpace is also funded in part by the Knut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation in Sweden and the Swedish e-Science Research Centre.

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen Happy New Year everyone. Our Sun is slowly coming back from being on Holiday since the big solar storms of about a month ago. It has returned to being spotless, but at least we are still getting some activity. We've had two solar storms launch that are nearly Earth-directed and they could graze us sometime on the 11th or 12th, just enough to enhance the pocket of fast solar wind we are expecting at that time as well. This could bring aurora down to high-latitudes and possibly to mid-latitudes momentarily. We also are holding on to marginal radio propagation on Earth's dayside thanks to a small bright region emerging on the Earth facing disk. That region will be named region 2796 (incidentally I say the wrong number in the forecast, I know) if it grows into a sunspot so we are watching it carefully. Nonetheless the region is keeping solar flux in the mid-70s so we should enjoy marginal radio propagation conditions easily throughout this week. Learn the details of the solar storms en route, catch up on the latest conditions on the Red Planet as we prepare for the Mars 2020 rendezvous, and see what else our Sun has in store! Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

I wrote a foreword for this awesome Sci-Fi book here: https://amzn.to/3aGrg0I Get a Wonderful Person shirt: https://teespring.com/stores/whatdamath Alternatively, PayPal donations can be sent here: paypal.me/whatdamath Hello and welcome! My name is Anton and in this video, we will talk about a potential solution to a decades long mystery of why the Sun's corona is so much hotter than the sun itself. Paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-020-01263-2 Another: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab3fb3 Press release: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/this-may-be-the-first-complete-observation-of-a-nanoflare Support this channel on Patreon to help me make this a full time job: https://www.patreon.com/whatdamath Alternatively, PayPal donations can be sent here: paypal.me/whatdamath Space Engine is available for free here: http://spaceengine.org Enjoy and please subscribe. Bitcoins to spare? Donate them here to help this channel grow! 1GFiTKxWyEjAjZv4vsNtWTUmL53HgXBuvu Twitter: https://twitter.com/WhatDaMath Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/whatdamath Twitch: http://www.twitch.tv/whatdamath The hardware used to record these videos: New Camera: https://amzn.to/34DUUlv CPU: https://amzn.to/2LZFQCJ Video Card: https://amzn.to/2M1W26C Motherboard: https://amzn.to/2JYGiQQ RAM: https://amzn.to/2Mwy2t4 PSU: https://amzn.to/2LZcrIH Case: https://amzn.to/2MwJZz4 Microphone: https://amzn.to/2t5jTv0 Mixer: https://amzn.to/2JOL0oF Recording and Editing: https://amzn.to/2LX6uvU Some of the above are affiliate links, meaning I would get a (very small) percentage of the price paid. Thank you to all Patreon supporters of this channel Specifically, great thanks to the following members: Morrison Waud Vlad Manshin Mark Teranishi TheHuntress Ralph Spataro Albert B. Cannon Lilith Dawn Greg Lambros adam lee Gabriel Seiffert Henry Spadoni J Carter Jer Silver surfer Konrad Kummli Nick Dolgy UnexpectedBooks.com Mario Rahmani George Williams Shinne Jakub Glos Johann Goergen Jake Salo LS Greger Lyndon Riley Lauren Smith Michael Tiganila Russell Sears Vinod sethi Dave Blair Robert Wyssbrod Randal Masutani Michael Mitsuda Assaf Dar Sagol Liam Moss Timothy Welter MD Barnard Rabenold Gordon Cooper Tracy Burgess Douglas Burns Jayjay Volz Anataine Deva Kai Raphahn Sander Stols Bodo Graßmann Daniel Charles Smith Daniel G. Eugene Sandulenko gary steelman Max McNally Michael Koebel Sergio Ruelas Steven Aiello Victor Julian Castillo xyndicate Honey Suzanne Lyons Olegas Budnik Dale Andrew Darling Niji Peter Hamrak Matthew Lazear Alexander Afanasyev Anton Newman Anton Reed

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen This week our Sun gives us some night gifts for the holidays. First we have an extended pocket of fast solar wind that has already brought aurora down to the UK and upper tier of the USA sporadically. It has also sparked some nice storm-time colors at high latitudes! Luckily, this fast solar wind should continue over the next few days through the weekend before it begins to calm down. So, aurora photographers, there is still time to catch some nice shows, especially at high latitudes.(We also have another smaller chance for aurora coming in about a week!) In addition, we also have solar flux getting a boost this week thanks to two new sunspots rotating into Earth-view. This means we are nearly back into the good range for radio propagation on Earth's dayside. Along with more new regions that will rotate into view over the next week, means we should see radio propagation continue to be pretty decent as we roll into the new year. Learn the details of the ongoing solar storming, catch up on gorgeous aurora shots from the continued fast solar wind, and see what else our Sun has in store this week! Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images in this forecast see my other videos. I am saving this space for links to the aurora field reporter pictures highlighted this week! Aurora Field Reporter Credits Night Lights, Oldervik, Norway: https://twitter.com/NightLights_AM/status/1341435390272696323 Matt Robinson, Norway: https://twitter.com/Astromackem/status/1341493267611987970 I Need Space, Norway: https://twitter.com/INSVideos/status/1341369063260491776 James Rowley-Hill, Kiruna, Sweden: https://twitter.com/chunder10/status/1341149496026263552 Chris Cogan, Muie, Sutherland, Scotland: https://twitter.com/cogie_s/status/1341204849560612866 Moray Nature, Moray Coast, Scotland: https://twitter.com/moraynature/status/1341462150292918275 Stevo Howells, Scotland: https://twitter.com/Stevo_SnakeDR/status/1341501994888998913 John-GM7PBB, Isle of Lewis, Scotland: https://twitter.com/GM7PBB/status/1337927550316781569 Live Aurora Network, Iceland: https://twitter.com/LiveAuroraNetw1/status/1341280484576342016 Hind Abuelgasim, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/HindAbuelgasim/status/1338174431072403456 Deb Maluk, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/dmaluk1/status/1341227748807860224 Donna, Plumas, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/LachDonna/status/1341239753874804737 NLPLNO, Laukvik, Lofoten Norway: https://twitter.com/NLPLNO/status/1338156455724249091 Northern Escape Photography, Saskatchewan, Canada: https://twitter.com/jeanineh_/status/1338561166394544129 Vincent Ledvina, North Dakota, USA: https://twitter.com/Vincent_Ledvina/status/1341228292511305728

FAIR WARNING-- I have a short in my mic cable. I did not know this before starting this forecast. It makes my audio fade in and out at the beginning of this video. I also did not know this was going live. It was supposed to be an unlisted forecast. (Joke is on me!) Enjoy! This is an informal forecast made by and for Patrons of Patreon. It is typically private. If you enjoy this forecast, please consider joining my Patreon community! https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

This imagery captured by NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory shows a solar flare and a subsequent eruption of solar material that occurred over the left limb of the Sun on November 29, 2020. From its foot point over the limb, some of the light and energy was blocked from reaching Earth – a little like seeing light from a lightbulb with the bottom half covered up. Also visible in the imagery is an eruption of solar material that achieved escape velocity and moved out into space as a giant cloud of gas and magnetic fields known as a coronal mass ejection, or CME. A third, but invisible, feature of such eruptive events also blew off the Sun: a swarm of fast-moving solar energetic particles. Such particles are guided by the magnetic fields streaming out from the Sun, which, due to the Sun’s constant rotation, point backwards in a big spiral much the way water comes out of a spinning sprinkler. The solar energetic particles, therefore, emerging as they did from a part of the Sun not yet completely rotated into our view, traveled along that magnetic spiral away from Earth toward the other side of the Sun. While the solar material didn’t head toward Earth, it did pass by some spacecraft: NASA’s Parker Solar Probe, NASA’s STEREO and ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter. Equipped to measure magnetic fields and the particles that pass over them, we may be able to study fast-moving solar energetic particles in the observations once they are downloaded. These sun-watching missions are all part of a larger heliophysics fleet that help us understand both what causes such eruptions on the Sun -- as well as how solar activity affects interplanetary space, including near Earth, where they have the potential to affect astronauts and satellites. Music: "Beautiful Awesome" from Universal Production Music Video credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center Scott Wiessinger (USRA): Lead Producer Tom Bridgman (GST): Lead Visualizer Karen Fox (ADNET): Lead Science Writer Scott Wiessinger (USRA): Video Editor This video is public domain and along with other supporting visualizations can be downloaded from the Scientific Visualization Studio at: http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13778 If you liked this video, subscribe to the NASA Goddard YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/NASAExplorer Follow NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center · Instagram http://www.instagram.com/nasagoddard · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddard · Twitter http://twitter.com/NASAGoddardPix · Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/NASA.GSFC · Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gsfc

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen Our Sun goes through a paradigm shift this week as solar flux tops 100 for the first time in several years! We also have more numbered bright regions on the Earth-facing disk than we've seen in a long time, with even more bright regions on the Sun's farside about to rotate into view. This means amateur radio operators are going to be enjoying GOOD radio propagation on Earth's dayside easily through this week and possibly from now on as we climb to solar maximum over the next few years. Many of these bright regions are also firing solar flares and solar storms, including one region on the Sun's farside that fired the first full-halso solar storm of this new solar cycle. This full-halo solar storm launch means our Sun is once again capable of launching the massive solar storms capable of creating real impacts here at Earth. In addition, it means the risk of big solar flares is now back on the table along with the possibility of solar radiation storms. So while there is not an Earth-directed solar storm this week, only some fast solar wind that will likely continue to bring aurora to high latitudes, we do have a lot to be thankful for this holiday season. Our Sun is finally and fully awake! Learn the details of this solar awakening, watch the full-halo solar storm launch, and see what else our Sun has in store! Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.

This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen This week our Sun continues its upward journey of activity with several new bright regions in Earth view and more on the Sun's farside. We are seeing solar flux continue to rise along with an increase in C-class flares. This is good news for amateur radio operators and emergency responders as radio propagation on Earth's dayside is continuing to improve. Of course, the flares mean a little radio noise as well, but it should be pretty mild overall. So, no worries, the SpaceX launch this weekend should not have any communication issues! However, these regions are also continuing to launch solar storms, especially region 2782, and as this region rotates into the Earth-strike zone we will watch closely for any Earth-directed activity. Aurora photographers at high latitudes have a small burst of fast solar wind to look forward that could bring aurora but it will be reasonably fleeting. At least this means GPS users will not be severely impacted this week. Learn more about the growing sunspot activity, catch up on aurora photos from recent solar storms, and see what else our Sun has in store! Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images in this video see the links in my other forecasts. I need to save space for links to the aurora field reporter photos highlighted this week! Aurora Field Reporter Credits: Rayann Elzein, Utsjoki, Finnish Lapland: https://spaceweathergallery.com/indiv_upload.php?upload_id=169595 I Need Space, Tromsø, Norway: https://twitter.com/INSVideos/status/1319630389841977344 Adrien Mauduit, Senja, Norway: https://twitter.com/NightLights_AM/status/1326499818479480844 Matt Robinson, Norway: https://twitter.com/Astromackem/status/1320809084526972929 https://twitter.com/Astromackem/status/1319756650178355201 NLPLNO, Lofoten, Norway: https://twitter.com/NLPLNO/status/1320025334809563141 Oliver Wright, Abisko, Sweden: https://twitter.com/OW_Photography/status/1320030202651660288 https://twitter.com/OW_Photography/status/1319744515012513799 Göran Strand, Östersund, Sweden: https://twitter.com/Astrofotografen/status/1321166401151918082 Chirs Cogan, Rogart, Scotland: https://twitter.com/cogie_s/status/1319996164742197251 Jon Dunn, Shetland, UK: https://twitter.com/dunnjons/status/1319763917653135365 Kareen, Shetland, UK: https://twitter.com/Kareen_B_H/status/1320491989889110018 https://twitter.com/Kareen_B_H/status/1319771465215037446 James Rowley-Hill, Norfolk, UK: https://twitter.com/chunder10/status/1320096601071902730 Live Aurora Network, Kirkjufell, Iceland: https://twitter.com/LiveAuroraNetw1/status/1319909944645292032 Jaromir Stanczyk, Reykjavik, Iceland: https://spaceweathergallery.com/indiv_upload.php?upload_id=169044 Hind Abuelgasim, Thompson, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/HindAbuelgasim/status/1320091745183428608 Deb Maluk, Sandy Lake, Manitoba, Canada: https://twitter.com/dmaluk1/status/1319931288686448640 Hank Vlietstra, Wilkie Saskatchewan Canada: https://twitter.com/FlatlanderHank/status/1319576242195034112 Team Tanner, Alix, Alberta, Canada: https://twitter.com/dartanner/status/1320057512666615808 Vincent Ledvina, North Dakota, USA: https://twitter.com/Vincent_Ledvina/status/1320062917098852352 Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA: https://twitter.com/ItsAstroKota/status/1320049125249945601 Chris Griffith, Jenkins, Minnesota, USA: https://spaceweathergallery.com/indiv_upload.php?upload_id=169066 MaryBeth Kiczenski, Grand Marias, Minnesota, USA: https://spaceweathergallery.com/indiv_upload.php?upload_id=169193 Noel Bowman, Moses Lake, Washington, USA: https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10217066926457443&set=gm.2762318167357573 Ann Gutschlag, Invercargill, NZ: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=3769482536396731&set=p.3769482536396731&type=3

This week our Sun continues its upward climb in activity with multiple new bright regions on the Earth-facing disk, including a new sunspot region (region 2778). On top of this we finally had that massive snake-like filament that we first saw in STEREO-A's view on the far side of the Sun launch as a non-Earth directed solar storm. Plus, we are also in the middle of a solar storm due to the fast wind from the northern coronal hole. This storm, which will likely rage for a few more days before settling down, has already brought aurora down to mid-latitudes, and there is a good chance more is to come! Learn the details of the current storm conditions, see where that snake-like filament launch is headed, watch region 2778 emerge and learn what else our Sun has in store this week. This Space Weather News forecast sponsored in part by Millersville University: https://www.millersville.edu/swen Want early access to these forecasts, tutorials on Space Weather, & more? Visit: https://patreon.com/SpaceweatherWoman For daily and often hourly updates (during active times) visit me on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TamithaSkov For a more in-depth look at the data and images highlighted in this video see these links below. Solar Imaging and Analysis: SDO: http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ Helioviewer: http://www.helioviewer.org/ Flare Analysis: http://www.lmsal.com/solarsoft/latest_events/ Computer Aided CME Tracking CACTUS: http://www.sidc.oma.be/cactus/out/latestCMEs.html GOES Xray: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/rt_plots/xray_1m.html SOHO: http://sohodata.nascom.nasa.gov/ Stereo: http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/ GONG magnetic field synoptic movie: https://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/standard_movie.html GONG magnetic field synoptic charts: http://gong.nso.edu/data/magmap/ LMSAL Heliophysics Events HEK http://www.lmsal.com/isolsearch Solar Wind: DISCOVR solar wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/real-time-solar-wind ACE Solar Wind: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/ace-real-time-solar-wind NASA ENLIL SPIRAL: https://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/IswaSystemWebApp/iSWACygnetStreamer?timestamp=2038-01-23+00%3A44%3A00&window=-1&cygnetId=261 NOAA ENLIL SPIRAL: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wsa-enlil-solar-wind-prediction Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Atmosphere: GOES Magnetometer: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/goes-magnetometer Ionosphere D-Region Absorption (DRAP) model: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/d-region-absorption-predictions-d-rap/ Auroral Oval Ovation Products: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/aurora-30-minute-forecast Global 3-hr Kp index: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/planetary-k-index Wing Kp index prediction: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/products/wing-kp USGS Ground Magnetometers: http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/ USGS Disturbance Storm-Time (Dst): http://geomag.usgs.gov/realtime/dst/ NAIRAS Radiation Storm Model: http://sol.spacenvironment.net/raps_ops/current_files/globeView.html Multi-Purpose Space Environment Sites: NOAA/SWPC: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov SOLARHAM: http://www.solarham.net/index.htm Spaceweather: http://spaceweather.com iSWA: http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov/iswa/iSWA.html Definition of Geomagnetic Storm, Radiation Storm, and Radio Blackout Levels: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/NOAAscales/ None of this would be possible without the hard work and dedication of those who have provided all of this data for public use. Images c/o NASA/ESA/CSA (most notably the superb SDO, SOHO, ACE, STEREO, CCMC, JPL & DSN teams, amazing professionals, hobbyists, institutions, organizations, agencies and amateurs such as those at the USAF/HAARP, NICT, NOAA, USGS, Environment Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Intellicast, Catatania, rice.edu, wisc.edu, sonoma.edu ucalgary.ca, rssi.ru, ohio-state.edu, solen.info, and more. Thanks for making Space Weather part of our every day dialogue.