UNIVERSE TODAY

On October 19th, 2017 astronomers detected the first interstellar asteroid (or maybe comet) passing through the Solar System: Oumuamua. It had a brief encounter with the inner Solar System and then hurtled back out into interstellar space. Once astronomers noticed it, they directed the world’s telescopes on the object, but it was too far away to reveal anything more than a faint dot. Until now, we’ve only been able to study objects in our own Solar System. We have no idea what the rest of the Milky Way is like. But we were too late to catch it, no spacecraft was ready to make a quick intercept. Well, scientists aren’t going to make that mistake again. The European Space Agency announced their plans to build a comet interceptor. A spacecraft that will lurk out at the Earth-Sun L2 Lagrange point, waiting for a long-period comet or interstellar object to pounce on, and give us the first close up view ever. Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: http://www.cometinterceptor.space/ https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Giotto_overview http://sci.esa.int/rosetta/2279-summary/ http://www.astro.uwo.ca/~wiegert/phd/Wiegert_phd.pdf https://www.sciencealert.com/watch-the-sun-absolutely-destroy-the-fastest-comet-in-the-solar-system http://sci.esa.int/cosmic-vision/61416-esa-s-new-mission-to-intercept-a-comet/ http://www.cometinterceptor.space/mission.html http://www.cometinterceptor.space/uploads/1/2/3/7/123778284/comet_interceptor_executive_summary.pdf https://i4is.org/what-we-do/technical/project-lyra/

In this week's QA, I answer why space telescopes aren't a waste of taxpayer resources, if ground-based space telescopes will become obsolete, and whether it makes sense to crash phobos into Mars. 00:18 Waste of taxpayer money? 02:14 Will ground-based telescopes become obsolete? 03:50 Crash Phobos into Mars 04:56 Should NASA collaborate with China? 05:45 Entanglement to communicate faster than light? 08:09 Crop circles 08:36 Problem with wearing a weight suit in zero gravity 09:55 Methane rocket emissions 10:57 Why does Titan have an atmosphere? 11:51 Harvest energy from neutrinos Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

In this week's questions show, I explain how astronomers know what the Milky Way looks like, what would happen in a catastrophic impact on the International Space Station, and who is the team who works with me on Universe Today? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

The Solar System is a really big place, and it takes forever to travel from world to world with traditional chemical rockets. But one technique, developed back in the 1960s might provide a way to dramatically shorten our travel times: nuclear rockets. Of course, launching a rocket powered by radioactive material has its own risks as well. Should we attempt it? Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/game_changing_development/Nuclear_Thermal_Propulsion_Deep_Space_Exploration https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19910017902.pdf https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/niac/2017_Phase_I_Phase_II/Fusion_Enabled_Pluto_Orbiter_and_Lander/ https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20170003126.pdf

Join Fraser for a live QA and discussion.

In this week's questions show, I explain why NASA decided to build James Webb and not more Hubble Space Telescopes, what would happen if you opened up a jar in space, and do we know of any stars without planets? 00:45 Why doesn't NASA build more Hubbles? 02:42 Where did life come from? 04:05 What if you opened a jar in space? 05:58 Why didn't I answer your question? 07:15 Will we give up all the sky? 09:06 Annoyed about light pollution. 10:28 Less satellites, higher up 11:41 Stars without planets? 12:25 Worth getting a degree in astronomy? 14:33 You can buy SpaceX stock 15:20 Do I really get death threats? 17:32 Can planets be independent from a galaxy? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

Explorers have always brought stowaways with them on board. Thanks to our travels around the world, hardy creatures like rats, goats, pigs and starlings and more have found their way to every corner of the globe. Not to mention our plants, microbes and viruses. Wherever we go, life goes with us, whether we want it to or not. And when we travel to other worlds, it looks like the most extreme life Earth has ever cooked up is ready and willing to make the journey with us. Now that the big flybys are over, it’s time to dig into the regolith, search for life in underground lakes and oceans, return samples back to Earth. We’re going to give life every opportunity to contaminate other worlds. What can we do to prevent it? Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://planetaryprotection.nasa.gov/overview https://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/OPD_docs/NID_8020_109A.pdf https://spacescience.arc.nasa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/ReviewAssessmentPlanetaryProtectionPolicyDevelopmentProcesses.pdf https://planetaryprotection.nasa.gov/about-categories/ https://www.nasa.gov/feature/where-on-mars-might-humans-first-land https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94bIW7e1Otg https://arxiv.org/abs/1905.13681

In this week's penultimate episode of Open Space before our summer hiatus, I give tips and tricks on seeing Jupiter, what's a good starting telescope, updates on LIGO, why rockets launch straight up, and more... 00:00 Introduction 02:00 Looking at Jupiter 02:38 Starting Telescope 03:55 Why do rockets launch vertically first? 05:04 How much should a telescope cost? 05:48 What has LIGO been seeing? 08:15 How bad is the radiation around Jupiter? 10:20 What do I think about the Lunar Gateway 13:17 Drilling into Europa 14:29 Will ISS have a successor? 16:19 Probe to Uranus/Neptune? 18:02 Why do a crewed mission to Venus? 19:39 Updates on Project Starshot? 22:30 Does light stop travelling? 23:30 What kind of transmission would come from Alpha Cen. 25:13 Ethical issues of asteroid mining 26:55 Why haven't we done rotating habitats in orbit? 31:35 Could dark matter turn into planets? 33:26 Moon base in 50 years? 35:50 Lots of people living in space by 2100? 37:14 Moon mining? 39:56 Books in any order? 40:30 When will ISS return to Earth? 41:47 Would I go to the Moon? 42:46 Have I read Artemis? 44:30 Who will be the first director to film in space 44:50 Will they take insects and worms to Mars 46:47 Best place to send humans scientifically 49:44 Is there an absolute stop? 51:11 Does the Moon have moons? 52:23 Why don't we build launch loops? 54:18 Will we infect Mars? 54:50 Missions to lava tubes? 56:30 What will AI do to us? 57:50 Would you be able to get radio signals on the Moon? 59:16 Views on AI ethics Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

In this week's live QA episode, I tackled questions about the reality of returning astronauts to the Moon by 2024, the loss of dark skies, will we ever be able to shop for our own personal spacecraft, and more. 01:00 Our hiatus 04:40 Can we really return to the Moon by 2024? 09:05 Dark sky controversy 10:28 Is it hard to stay fascinated about astronomy? 13:44 Will space travel ever be like air travel? 15:49 Didn't Trump say they weren't going to the Moon any more? 17:54 Did extraterrestrial visited our planet in the past? 19:57 Where can you get my new poster? 20:55 What is the most important invention? 23:33 If I was captain of a starship, where would I go? 24:15 Any merch? 25:40 Will we shop for personal spacecraft? 27:05 Is something looking back at us? 27:50 When will Starlink be available? 30:05 Star Trek, Star Wars or Rick and Morty 30:48 What about space elevators? 34:07 Will space planes ever be viable? 35:36 Can't they use robots to fix Hubble? 37:41 Why aren't ion engines used more often? 40:32 Would I fly on Virgin Galactic? 41:20 Why don't nations work on Mars missions together? 42:55 What does the poster behind my head say? 43:00 Will solar power work on Mars? 45:06 Would capturing satellites be profitable? 47:00 Are there more efficient ways to land on Mars? 47:44 Could SpaceX be allowed mine an asteroid? 50:25 Has audio been recorded on another world? 52:13 No weapons of mass destruction in space 52:53 Could someone get the RTGs from the Voyagers to make a weapon? 53:27 Are the number of stars in the Milky Way increasing? 55:32 Will we be able to communicate faster than light? 56:17 What's the punishment for violating the Outerspace Treaty? 57:30 Wrap up Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

In this QA, I explain why only gas giants have rings, if it would be possible to cool down Venus, what would it take to build a generational ships and more... Here's my interview on Space Junk about the Fermi Paradox: https://anchor.fm/spacejunk/episodes/The-Fermi-Paradox-and-The-Great-Filter-w-Fraser-Cain-e44uff 00:29 Are rings only limited to gas giants? 02:30 If we blocked the light on Venus, would it cool down? 04:34 What would it take to build a generational ship? 06:20 Do airplanes avoid telescopes? 08:16 Examples of reused spacecraft designs. 10:17 Could we breath an alien atmosphere? 12:02 How do they evacuate ISS? 13:21 What is the cost of the Hubble Space Telescope? 15:12 Are we unique in the Universe? 17:10 Can't astronauts wear weights? 18:37 Research into weaponizing asteroids? 20:23 Dig caverns on the Moon or Mars? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

Every time we send a spacecraft to another world, our Earth-based lifeforms are going with us. No matter how well we try to keep them clean, a few stowaways will always come along for the ride. You’d think that years in the cold hard vacuum of space, suffering extreme temperature changes, and receiving brutal doses of radiation would be all it takes to sterilize any life caught on the outside of a lander or rover headed to Mars or Europa. Well, think again. Life just demonstrated that it’s surprisingly ready to make the journey, and happy to get back to work the moment conditions improve. Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://www.dlr.de/me/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-1752/2384_read-54290/ http://eea.spaceflight.esa.int/attachments/spacestations/ID5c643608ee7a9.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STUyjTO8gQw

In this week's questions show, I give my personal experience of how bright the Starlinks are, and I wonder if companies like SpaceX have the right to provide internet to the planet. Who asked them? Why do people think black holes are so cool? They're scary! 00:28 Why is Starlink so bright? 02:52 Should Starlink provide internet access? 07:02 How do chemical thrusters work in a vacuum? 07:50 Sgr A* is pretty cool? 09:09 Launch providers should provide a discount for science 10:16 Could Starlink satellites do science too? 12:50 Will corporations and governments surveil us? 14:45 Am I using a green screen 15:47 Can Starlink be blocked? 18:21 Worried about space junk? 18:40 Should you invest in SpaceX? 20:00 Should we trust Elon Musk? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

On Thursday, May 23rd, 2019, SpaceX launched one of its most important payloads in the history of the company - 60 satellites that will begin the constellation of their Starlink internet satellite system. Starlink satellites spotted https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytUygPqjXEc Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://www.starlink.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riBaVeDTEWI https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1131782173785116672 https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19920022657.pdf https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition26/iss_altitude.html https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OhBw5yaR_SU https://www.statista.com/statistics/268628/worldwide-revenue-from-telecommunications-services-since-2005/

On Monday, May 13, 2019, NASA declared: “We are going to the Moon to stay” by 2024. It’s an exciting announcement; the return to a place humans haven’t set foot on in more than 45 years. A serious goal that will test the ability of technology and engineering, as well as the bravery of the men and women who will carry out this task. But we’ve also heard announcements like this before, many times. How will the mission come together? What are the risks? What’s new this time? Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vl6jn-DdafM https://twitter.com/andyweirauthor/status/1128172660939153408 https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/nasa_fy_2020_budget_amendment_summary.pdf http://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2019/the-moon-in-2024-a-crash-program-or-modest-proposal.html https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-19-001.pdf

This week I'm delighted to bring you a live interview with science fiction author Dennis E. Taylor. You might best know him for the Bobiverse series, including "We Are Legion (We Are Bob)". He's got a new book, Outland, and he'll be here to talk about it with me. http://dennisetaylor.org/

In this week's questions show, I wonder why there isn't a standard platform for space exploration, if we could move the atmosphere from Venus to Mars, are there L6 and L7 Lagrange Points and more. Featuring guest answerer Dylan O'Donnell. Subscribe to Dylan's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgOf4wBnoGg8WHHHr_h4otQ 00:27 Reusable platform for space exploration? 03:20 Move atmosphere from Venus to Mars? 05:08 Where to Mars clouds come from? 06:23 Earth like planets in Andromeda 07:59 Shouldn't we see gravitational waves a second time? 09:45 How low of gravity can humans survive? 11:22 Shame on you bro 15:30 Are there L6/L7? 16:49 Is there a reference time? 18:59 Would aliens in a cosmic void know they're in a larger universe? 21:37 What could a 555m diameter meter 22:45 Why do so much post processing on photographs? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope launched on April 24, 1990, and it’s been hard at work ever since, studying the cosmos like no other observatory in human history. Several times in its journey, astronomers have called upon Hubble to study a single spot in the sky for weeks at a time, staring as far as it can, almost to the edge of the observable Universe. These are the deep fields, including the most recent Hubble eXtreme Deep Field. Now all of these data have been mashed together into a single image, spanning more than 250 days of observations. It’s called the Hubble Legacy Field. Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2019-17 https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/missions/sm1.html https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9601c1/ http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2004-07 https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/xdf.html http://hubblesite.org/news_release/news/2019-17 https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/webb/science/index.html

Again no guest this week. Just you and me. Talking about space. In this week's live QA, people waned to know more information about space construction (09:04), if we could catch a future Oumuamua (11:04) and my thoughts on Blue Origin's Blue Moon strategy (18:07). 01:00 Gravity Wells are for Suckers poster 01:36 What's coming out soon? 03:15 Why are people worried about overpopulation? 04:41 Favorite spot on Vancouver Island to see stars? 06:12 Why no guest this week? 09:04 More about space construction? 10:25 Have I ever seen a UFO? 11:04 Could we intercept a future Oumuamua? 17:15 Episodes on future missions? 18:07 Thoughts on Jeff Bezos' Blue Moon concept? 26:46 Will we abandon spaceflight again? 30:08 What physics experiments could we do on the Moon? 34:56 Has a laser sail been tested yet? 36:44 Orbiting billboards? 38:37 Should we try to prevent Phobos crashing into Mars? 40:10 What about the space junk problem? 44:18 Any news on the BFR? 46:02 Does GPS work in space? 47:23 What's happening with the debris field from India's test? 48:37 Created artificial gravity from mining asteroids? 50:26 Magnets to get space junk? 52:54 Is a nearby star going to explode as a GRB? 54:06 Could we find a rogue planet flying past the Solar System? 55:25 Where will starman go next? 56:12 China's space elevator? Artificial moon? 57:39 Fusion in space? 59:19 Guest next week, Dennis E. Taylor, author of the Bobiverse Trilogy Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

In this week's questions show, I think about the future of humanity, wonder what would happen if Olympus Mons erupted and how big observatories clean the dust off their telescopes. 00:18 Am I optimistic about humanity? 01:59 Is the expansion happening everywhere? 04:03 How do they keep dust off big telescopes? 05:02 What if Olympus Mons erupted? 06:36 Can we see through the Bootes Void? 08:18 Could we make a really big Event Horizon Telescope? 09:53 Would we see a supernova in realtime? 11:53 Why are asteroids worth so much money? 13:08 Why don't we live on Venus? 14:54 Why do rockets go sideways? 15:58 Are gravitational waves being created all the time? 17:42 How can you tell the size of an object? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

When we send anything to space, we have to pay an enormous amount of money. That’s because you need to push satellites, water, astronauts up and out of the Earth’s gravity well. Whether you’re just going to orbit, or heading to the Moon, or out into deep space, it makes the most sense to build your structures in space, out of material that you got from space. Thumbnail Credit: Tethers Unlimited Inc. http://www.tethers.com/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/International_Space_Station/Building_the_International_Space_Station3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpVz3UrSsE4 http://www.tethers.com/

I didn't have a guest this week, instead I just answered everyone's questions for an hour. We got through about 40 of them. Questions about the Sun releasing a killer solar flare, capturing asteroids to mine, and if my wife is into space too. 01:11 Is our Sun capable of releasing a super flare? 04:10 How much for a decent starting telescope? 05:20 Is terraforming Mars pointless? 07:08 Will alien life exist in the future? 09:03 Will Dobsonians work in a city? 09:45 What is the space race trying to achieve? 12:31 Can an artificial magnetic field stop space radiation? 14:04 Would I go to Mars? 14:38 Interferometer the size of Mars' orbit? 17:06 Why build bigger telescopes? 18:32 Why isn't everything expanding? 20:18 When is the next Decadal Survey? 21:35 Live telescopes? 21:57 Should we have an international space agency? 23:57 Is there a theoretical upper limit to black holes? 24:20 What will we accomplish in the next 100 years? 25:32 Life on Titan? 27:32 Did we capture any planets or moons from outside the Solar System? 28:32 Can I retire on Mars in 30 years? 29:59 How would we capture an asteroid to mine it? 31:16 Why don't we search for other kinds of life? 33:30 Simulation theory? 36:02 Haven't we tried reusable rockets before? 37:18 Geoengineering to stop global warming? 39:20 Did life ever exist on Mars? 40:43 Any viewers outside the US? 41:34 Any big errors I've made? 43:20 When will we start asteroid mining? 44:27 When will we get a bloopers episode? 45:02 Most exciting project? 47:00 What about Venus? 48:43 Any cancelled projects that make me sad? 49:43 Can we plant trees on other planets? 51:18 Will spacesuits get better? 53:13 Will Mars spacesuits protect from radiation? 54:11 My opinion of nuclear energy? 55:45 Travel to space in our lifetime? 56:25 Will I do a small QA tour? 57:01 Does my wife love space too? 58:10 Does a 2024 Moon landing make sense? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

In this week's questions show, I wonder if it's cheaper to build things in space, if the Universe is expanding because it's rolling downhill, and do astronauts fart in space? 00:18 Is it cheaper to build things in space? 02:24 Is space rolling downhill? 05:13 What would a citykiller look like? 07:33 Farts in space? 08:54 Space-based interferometers 10:44 How much of the Universe's life has already happened. 12:42 Why not invest in stargates? 13:28 How fast to exit a black hole? 14:42 Could balloons go to orbit? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

Notice that you haven’t been hearing much about black holes crashing into each other recently? That’s because the world’s most sensitive gravitational wave hunters have been offline for the last year. Well, they're back now, with enough upgrades that they should be capable of finding a black hole merger every week, not to mention more colliding neutron stars, and maybe, just maybe, black holes eating neutron stars. Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/page/timeline https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/detection https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20190326 http://www.geo600.org/1888463/new-squeezing-record-at-geo600 https://www.ligo.caltech.edu/news/ligo20190326 https://gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov/gcn3_archive.html https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/gravitational-wave-events/id1441897107 https://twitter.com/LIGO

This week's guest is Geoff Notkin, the host of TV's Meteorite Men. He was recently elected to be the President of the National Space Society. http://www.geoffnotkin.com/

NASA’s Voyager spacecraft are traveling on an escape trajectory from the Sun, and are now on a journey that will take them through the outer reaches of the Solar System and out into the Milky Way Galaxy. They carry on board the Golden Records, a message from all humankind out into the cosmos. In the thousands, millions and even billions of years of travel, where will they go? What will they see? Who might find them, and learn about us, long after we’re gone? Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/status/ https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/spacecraft/ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2515-5172/ab158e https://www.amazon.com/Galactic-North-Revelation-Space-Book-ebook/dp/B0017SWQJW http://www.mpia.de/~calj/voyager_gdr2/main.html

This week, my guest will be science writer George Dvorsky, from Gizmodo and io9. George was also famous for suggesting we dismantle Mercury and turn it into a Dyson sphere. https://twitter.com/dvorsky https://kinja.com/georgedvorsky

In this week's questions show, I wonder if planets could form from the wreckage around dead stars, who don't all stars collapse immediately into black holes, and where did my new channel pic come from? Featuring Dr. Sabine Hossenfelder https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1yNl2E66ZzKApQdRuTQ4tw 00:36 Could a new planet form around a dead star? 02:31 Why don't all stars collapse into black holes? 04:33 How will we get space mining back home? 06:24 New channel pic 07:18 Filming outside? 07:51 Less dense universe easier to explore? 10:00 Do photons attract photons? 11:23 What's pushing the Universe apart? 13:10 Could we build bigger radio dishes in space? 15:05 Could we use the EHT to observe exoplanets? 17:48 Could James Webb help with the EHT? 19:48 How does quantum mechanics deal with bigger things? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

Today I'm joined by Chad Weber, the video editor for the Guide to Space and other videos we do here on Universe Today. Chad was also the audio editor for Astronomy Cast and other Astrosphere projects.

All that waiting has paid off. Here it is, the first ever image of a black hole. This incredible photograph is the result of a planet-wide effort by radio astronomers and their telescopes, petabytes of data, and an incomprehensible amount of computing power. The supermassive black hole at the center of the distant galaxy Messier 87, an object as big as the Solar System, which absorbs all the light and matter that falls into it. An object with 6 billion times the mass of the Sun, and you’re looking at a photograph of it. Today’s a good day for astronomy. Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=298276 https://uwaterloo.ca/news/news/first-image-black-hole-captured https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1907/

We now know of thousands of confirmed exoplanets, with many more candidates. And there are now dozens of planet hunting telescopes on Earth and in space, using a range of techniques to find tens of thousands more. There’s a new class of instruments and missions in the works that’ll give us an incredible understanding about the planets orbiting other stars. One of these will be the one to find Earth 2.0. Searching for biosignatures: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2YkvWdUUNQ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/launch/index.html https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html https://platomission.files.wordpress.com/2018/05/plato2-rb.pdf https://ariel-spacemission.eu/press-releases/ https://arielspacemission.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/ariel-selection-press-release-uk_2018_final_updated.pdf https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/habex/pdf/HabEx_Interim_Report.pdf https://neid.psu.edu/what-is-neid/

My guest today will be Dr. Brian Keating, a professor of physics and the author of the recent book "Losing the Nobel Prize". Brian was on the BICEP2 team that announced the discovery of primordial gravitational waves; a discovery that turned out to be dust. https://briankeating.com/

In this QA episode, I wonder if there could be a galactic panspermia, why I'm always stealing articles from Fraser Cain from Universe Today, and where the Universe came from. 00:47 Could there be galactic panspermia? 03:55 Plagarize much? 06:45 Stop the livestreams 07:06 Destroy the Moon is intelligent decision? 07:40 What can I see with a telesscope? 10:54 Bending lightsail? 13:49 How did a Universe full of matter come from nowhere? 16:22 Could two planets share an orbit? 16:59 What other missions are happening? 17:52 Life evolving multiple times 20:14 How much smarter can aliens be? 21:34 Universe Today from Babylon 5? 22:25 What are Pop 1 and 2 stars? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - https://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

My guest today will be Dr. Ian O'Neill. Ian is an astrophysicist and journalist, and has been covering space and astronomy news for more than a decade. Check out his website at: https://astroengine.com/

Aircraft make some of the best platforms for science here on Earth. From weather balloons to study the high atmosphere to aircraft that fly into the hearts of hurricanes. From surveys of Antarctic ice sheets to drones. So it makes sense to consider missions to any world in the Solar System with an atmosphere. Balloons to Venus and helicopters to Titan. But one world that’s been the most seriously considered for exploration by air is Mars. Mars Project Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVPcRUUlov0&list=PLbJ42wpShvml6Eg22WjWAR-6QUufHFh2v&index=74&t=0s Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20030068129.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_Mini-Sniffer https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266228801_Slow_flight_in_the_lower_Mars_Atmosphere_in_support_of_NASA_science_missions https://www.nasa.gov/centers/ames/research/technology-onepagers/mars-airplane.html https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/news/X-Press/stories/2005/xtra_072005_PlanetaryFlightVehicle.html https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20040034201.pdf https://www.nasa.gov/centers/armstrong/features/mars_airplane.html http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/522Colozza.pdf https://marsmobile.jpl.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/missiontypes/balloons/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234368375_The_Mars_Aerial_Platform_mission_-_A_global_reconnaissance_of_the_Red_Planet_using_super-pressure_balloons https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/mars-helicopter-to-fly-on-nasa-s-next-red-planet-rover-mission/

This week I'm joined by Frank White, author of the Overview Effect. His new book is the Cosma Hypothesis, which talks about humanity's role in the larger cosmos. You can find out more about his book here: https://www.amazon.com/Cosma-Hypothesis-Implications-Overview-Effect/dp/B07L182GD3

In this week's QA, we discuss infecting Mars with diarrhea, if life evolved more than once, and why other countries don't help explore space. Featuring Science Mom, AKA Jenny Ballif Check out her channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-QcZISbFb9EiIEQ41cVhxw The Dark Forest: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/23168817-the-dark-forest 01:51 Will we contaminate Mars with diarrhea? 03:43 Did life evolve only once? 05:51 Pitch in slackers 08:17 Rogue planet? 10:20 What is 1G? 12:24 Was the early universe a black hole? 14:55 Levitate just off the ground 17:08 Is Nibiru real? 19:04 Can we see baby galaxies? 21:00 Destroy the Universe? Please 23:37 Better videos 25:36 Special guest Jenny Ballif / Science Mom Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

It’s too bad Mars is such an interesting place, because it’s actually one of the most difficult places to visit in the Solar System, especially if you want to bring along a lot of luggage. That planet is a graveyard of missions that didn’t quite make it. As our ambitions grow, and we think about exploring Mars with humans - maybe even future colonists - we’re going to need to solve one of the biggest problems in space exploration. Successfully landing heavy payloads on the surface of Mars is really really hard to do. This video was inspired by the incredible writing from Nancy Atkinson on Universe Today: https://www.universetoday.com/7024/the-mars-landing-approach-getting-large-payloads-to-the-surface-of-the-red-planet/ Read: https://www.amazon.com/Design-Engineering-Curiosity-Performs-Springer/dp/3319681443 Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://mars.nasa.gov/mer/mission/spacecraft_edl_aeroshell.html http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2012/06221711-how-curiosity-land-part-1.html https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7269 https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=37000+kilograms+in+newtons https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/news.html https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-ldsd-project-completes-second-experimental-test-flight/ https://mars.nasa.gov/odyssey/mission/timeline/mtaerobraking/ https://aerospace.illinois.edu/news/developing-flight-strategy-land-heavier-vehicles-mars https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/abs/10.2514/1.A34262?journalCode=jsr

This week's guest is Dr. Jessie Christiansen, aka the Aussie Astronomer. Jessie is an exoplanet researcher working at NASA's Exoplanet Science Institute at Caltech. We'll talk all things exoplanets. http://web.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/christia/ http://nexsci.caltech.edu/ Follow her on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/aussiastronomer 00:25 Guest introduction 01:25 Too many planets discovered? 04:09 TESS update 08:00 Why finding Earth 2.0 will be tough 09:25 New space telescopes in the works 10:25 Longest orbit exoplanet 12:49 Could Population 3 stars have planets? 15:39 Can you to detect the axial tilt of exoplanets? 19:04 Excited about JWST? 22:54 Oldest planetary system 24:17 Can we build LUVOIR? 27:28 Will TESS last for years? 28:28 Find out more about Dr. Christiansen Jessie had to go, so the rest of the episode is me solo 29:35 Can we see the Big Bang 30:22 What's with my new avatar? 31:27 Can we use gravitational waves to detect exoplanets? 33:17 Finding planets with gravitational microlensing 35:17 Best idea for FTL 37:57 Negative mass 38:43 Temperature before the Big Bang 39:50 What should we do with ISS? 42:32 Future of inflatable modules? 45:31 Why are there different theories about the size of the Universe? 47:58 What would I do with a billion dollars? 49:32 NASA dropping SLS? 54:20 Favorite YouTube space communicators 58:38 Preview of upcoming interviews Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio Video Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/bh/podcast/universe-today-video/id794057165?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/video What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] Chloe Cain - Instagram: @chloegwen2001

My guest today is Phil Torres, author, journalist and the founder of the X-Risks Institute. He tracks the ways the world could end. He's the author of Morality, Foresight and Human Florishing. An Introduction to Existential Risks https://www.amazon.ca/Morality-Foresight-Human-Flourishing-Introduction/dp/1634311426

This week I'm joined by Dr. Morgan Rehnberg. Morgan is a planetary scientist, scriptwriter for SciShow Space, and of course, one of the co-hosts of the Weekly Space Hangout. Follow Morgan on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/MorganRehnberg

In this week's QA, I answer if Opportunity could ever phone home, are there stars between galaxies, and who, exactly, is Chad? Featuring a special guest answer from Dr. Becky. Check out Dr. Becky's channel at: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYNbYGl89UUowy8oXkipC-Q 01:45 What if Opportunity phoned home? 03:11 Stars between galaxies? 04:39 Who is Chad? 05:28 Why can't we calculate the size of the Universe? 08:28 Least toxic comment section 09:15 Where does the Solar System rotation come from? 11:00 Did Panspermia happen multiple times? 12:55 Could a black hole form from molecule collisions? 15:24 What would it take to repair Opportunity? 17:26 Why can't we accelerate for 1G? Reference: https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-maximum-speed-a-chemical-rocket-can-achieve 19:28 Is Oumuamua a Von Neumann probe? 21:18 Is there anything that doesn't orbit anything? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Weekly Space Hangout: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-KklSGlCiJDwOPdR2EUcg/ Astronomy Cast: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUHI67dh9jEO2rvK--MdCSg Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

On February 13, 2019, NASA tweeted out a sad message: To the robot who turned 90 days into 15 years of exploration: You were, and are, the Opportunity of a lifetime. Rest well, rover. Your mission is complete. It’s strange to get choked up a little saying these words. To feel sad about a robot on another planet. But I’m guessing you feel the same way. And today I wanted to look back at the history of the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. To take you through their creation, launch to Mars, the amazing discoveries they made, and of course, how they finally died. Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://twitter.com/MarsRovers/status/1095760214169546752 https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mer/images.cfm?id=1008 https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/30983 https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7155 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnddzE4YSzg https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7333

Dr. Kimberly Cartier is an exoplanet researcher, reporter for Eos Magazine and one of my co-hosts with the Weekly Space Hangout. Join us for a conversation about space, astronomy and the search for extrasolar planets. Follow her on Twitter at: https://twitter.com/astrokimcartier

In this week's questions show, I explain why SLS is still happening, if we can rule out contamination when we finally find life, and wonder why China is sending spacecraft to the Moon. Featuring Ryan MacDonald, aka @martiancolonist https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCb-TkZnWpBPg4wNz3ctU0AA 00:35 Why fix Mars? 03:00 How do I do it all? 04:35 Are astronomers lazy? 07:37 Why is SLS still happening? 10:57 Breaking the Prime Directive 12:54 Can we rule out contamination? 15:18 What mission do I want to focus on? 17:40 Why is China on the Moon? 19:54 Can light push the Sun? 21:46 Why no HD video from space? 24:45 What if a planet had its atmosphere stripped away? Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio Video Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/bh/podcast/universe-today-video/id794057165?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/video What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

Today I'm joined by exoplanet researcher Dr. Jason Wright from Penn State University. In addition to the more traditional hunt for exoplanets, Jason is helping define the search for extraterrestrials using all the new techniques available to astronomers. Check out his blog at: http://sites.psu.edu/astrowright/

In this week's QA, I wonder if there were other bombardments, how the Earth could have been oxygen rich, and why the asteroid belt isn't a planet. With a special guest answer from Tim Dodd, the Everyday Astronaut. 00:19 Why the Late Heavy Bombardment? 01:59 How was the Earth oxygen rich? 03:18 Why isn't the asteroid belt a planet? - link 04:55 Wouldn't a laser get a kick in the opposite direction? 08:20 Spacesuits on the Moon 11:34 Where did everything come from? 13:20 How much expansion between us and Andromeda? 15:04 Alien spacecraft technology on Earth 15:41 Habitable moon around red dwarf 17:43 Winter on the West Coast 19:06 Could we use the CMB as a map? 21:46 Crew Dragon and CST Starliner Featuring a special guest answer from Everyday Astronaut Tim Dodd Check out his channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6uKrU_WqJ1R2HMTY3LIx5Q Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio Video Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/bh/podcast/universe-today-video/id794057165?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/video What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

Astronomers working with the NASA’s Chandra X-Ray Observatory and ESA’s XMM-Newton have developed a technique to watch quasars and track the expansion of the Universe over the last 9 billion years. What they found is that the mysterious dark energy that’s currently accelerating the expansion of the Universe doesn’t appear to be a fixed amount. It’s changing, and appears to be increasing over time. If true, it’s a groundbreaking discovery in cosmology, and it could just fortel the end of the Universe. Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio Video Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/bh/podcast/universe-today-video/id794057165?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/video What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] References: https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.02590 https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/sn-wilson.html

Today I hang out with astronomer Dean Regas, author with the Cincinnati Observatory and author of 100 Things to See in the Night Sky. https://twitter.com/DeanRegas

Geologists think they’ve found the oldest Earth rock ever seen. And they found it in one of the last places you’d ever suspect, on the Moon. When the Apollo 14 astronauts returned their lunar samples back to Earth, they were carrying one rock that had formed on Earth 4 to 4.1 billion years ago, which was carved out of our planet during the time of intense bombardment and delivered to the Moon. Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio Video Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/bh/podcast/universe-today-video/id794057165?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/video What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]

In this week's Questions Show, I wonder if there's a way ion engines can give us artificial gravity, if electromagnetic rail guns can launch space craft, and should we be worried about returning alien pathogens back to Earth? 00:22 Ion drive artificial acceleration 02:17 CMB absolute speed 04:55 Magnetic launch system 08:19 What if aliens don't use the same EM spectrum 10:13 Pathogens from Europa? 11:43 Universal time system? 12:51 Secret fusion projects 15:02 What if we find life on Europa? 18:17 What is the Milky Way orbiting? 19:26 How do we dispose of heat in space? 21:18 Higher orbit, slower speed? 23:24 How to judge the speed of galaxies? Featuring a special guest answer from Athena Brensberger at Astroathens. Check out her channel here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdhES1DtY9klIfJsjGKs3gQ Our Book is out! https://www.amazon.com/Universe-Today-Ultimate-Viewing-Cosmos/dp/1624145442/ Audio Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/universe-today-guide-to-space-audio/id794058155?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/audio Video Podcast version: ITunes: https://itunes.apple.com/bh/podcast/universe-today-video/id794057165?mt=2 RSS: https://www.universetoday.com/video What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Weekly email newsletter: https://www.universetoday.com/newsletter Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Twitch: https://twitch.tv/fcain Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected]