BLACK HOLES

We’ve established by now that black holes are weird. The result of absolute gravitational collapse of a massive body: a point of hypothetical infinite density surrounded by an event horizon. At that horizon time is frozen and the fabric of space itself cascades inwards at the speed of light. Nothing can travel faster than light, and so nothing can escape from below the event horizon- not matter, not light, not even information. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Previous Episode: Why Quantum Information is Never Destroyed https://youtu.be/HF-9Dy6iB_4 These ideas are pretty mind-blowing, but as crazy as black holes are, they’re also kind of … simple. Don’t get me wrong; the math is complicated. But the objects themselves are simple. In fact every black hole in the universe, no matter how it formed or what happened to it afterwards, can be perfectly described with only three properties. Those properties are mass, angular momentum, and electric charge. Or at least this is the proposition behind the famous no-hair conjecture, or no-hair theorem. Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Matt O'Dowd Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Fabrice Eap Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Hypernova Edmund Fokschaner Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Barry Hatfield Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss Shannan Catalano Brandon Cook

Truly understanding black holes requires the curved space-time of general relativity. Signup for your FREE trial to The Great Courses Plus here: http://ow.ly/yZjj30k3oXw The Great Courses Plus is currently available to watch through a web browser to almost anyone in the world and optimized for the US, UK, and Australian markets. The Great Courses Plus is currently working to both optimize the product globally and accept credit card payments globally. ________________________________ VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS Relativity Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOVL_fPox2K_vPTkNljpO0qG_H--J_frW What Are Neutron Stars? https://youtu.be/KdFpyEFHCEM How Fast Is Light? https://youtu.be/a9T26ItpcDA Does The Future Exist? https://youtu.be/5qCFct4AZGA ________________________________ RELATED YOUTUBE VIDEOS PBS Space Time on Black Holes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNaEBbFbvcY&list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x ________________________________ SUPPORT THE SCIENCE ASYLUM Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/ScienceAsylum Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook): https://gumroad.com/l/ubSc Merchandise: http://shop.spreadshirt.com/scienceasylum/ ________________________________ HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE PATRONS ** Einsteinium Level Crazy ** Daniel Bahr, Ilya Yashin, Drake Dragon (TMDrake), Morgan Williams, Rick Finn ** Platinum Level Crazy ** Mikayla Eckel Cifrese, David Bronakowski, Robert J Zapolis, Nicholas Ursa, Evgeny Ivanov ________________________________ LINKS TO COMMENTS Black Holes Don't Suck: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HKH1ZjGutA&lc=UgwEPVE9TiwNGrJRp8B4AaABAg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2-UJAEJzcc&lc=UgwZ_Jik2XxdwSHYfcZ4AaABAg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ACCeFVeT984&lc=Ugg46Nzs7bsPhngCoAEC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vmi_h5A8B2k&lc=UghBxkv5IGMuungCoAEC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sute9QjIRGA&lc=UggOUdgfdA205XgCoAEC Black Holes Rotate: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xr_h4sSMwPw&lc=UgzdfU_2jHCyhbVrBot4AaABAg ________________________________ IMAGE CREDITS NASA Big Bang: https://youtu.be/LeUcjqqhNxM

The world’s premier astronomy and space science podcast. *Merging neutron stars give birth to a black hole It seems last year’s historic first-ever gravitational wave detection of a collision between two neutron stars most likely did end up creating a black hole. *Dawn moves to a new orbit NASA's Dawn spacecraft is maneuvering into its lowest-ever orbit for its closest ever view of Ceres -- the inner solar system's only dwarf planet. *Another successful engine test for Australian hybrid rocket Queensland company Gilmour Space Technologies have moved a step closer to launching their first rocket into space with the completion of another static test firing of its hybrid rocket engine. *Electron launch countdown Meanwhile, across the Tasman in New Zealand Rocket Lab are continuing preparations for their next Electron Rocket launch – now slated for a launch window opening on June 23rd. *The Science Report After the driest autumn in 130 years, Australia now faces a warmer and drier winter. No evidence that popping vitamin or mineral pills protects against or helps to treat heart disease. More proof that acupuncture doesn’t work. Scientists undertaking environmental DNA sampling of the waters of Loch Ness to see what’s living there. Alex on tech new rules for AI. For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker, Spotify, Deezer etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial-free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audiobook of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list Stream podcast episodes on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly).

The spectacular merger of two neutron stars that generated gravitational waves announced last fall likely did something else: birthed a black hole. This newly spawned black hole would be the lowest mass black hole ever found. A new study analyzed data from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory taken in the days, weeks, and months after the detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory, or LIGO, and gamma rays by NASA's Fermi mission on August 17, 2017. While nearly every telescope at professional astronomers' disposal observed this source, known officially as GW170817, X-rays from Chandra are critical for understanding what happened after the two neutron stars collided. From the LIGO data astronomers have a good estimate that the mass of the object resulting from the neutron star merger is about 2.7 times the mass of the Sun. This puts it on a tightrope of identity, implying it is either the most massive neutron star ever found or the lowest mass black hole ever found. The previous record holders for the latter are no less than about four or five times the Sun's mass. The Chandra observations are telling, not only for what they revealed, but also for what they did not. If the neutron stars merged and formed a heavier neutron star, then astronomers would expect it to spin rapidly and generate a very strong magnetic field. This, in turn, would have created an expanding bubble of high-energy particles that would result in bright X-ray emission. Instead, the Chandra data show levels of X-rays that are a factor of a few to several hundred times lower than expected for a rapidly spinning, merged neutron star and the associated bubble of high-energy particles, implying a black hole likely formed instead.

Stephen Hawking was one of the greatest scientific and analytical minds of our time, says NASA's Michelle Thaller. She posits that Hawking might be one of the parents of an entirely new school of physics because he was working on some incredible stuff—concerning quantum entaglement— right before he died. He was even humble enough to go back to his old work about black holes and rethink his hypotheses based on new information. Not many great minds would do that, she says, relaying just one of the reasons Stephen Hawking will be so deeply missed. You can follow Michelle Thaller on Twitter at @mlthaller. Read more at BigThink.com: http://bigthink.com/videos/michelle-thaller-ask-a-nasa-astronomer-how-did-stephen-hawking-change-the-world Follow Big Think here: YouTube: http://goo.gl/CPTsV5 Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/BigThinkdotcom Twitter: https://twitter.com/bigthink Michelle Thaller: Yes Jeremy, a lot of us were really sad with the passing of Stephen Hawking. He was definitely an inspiration. He was one of the most brilliant theoretical physicists in the world, and of course he overcame this incredible disability, his life was very difficult and very dramatic and I for one am really going to miss having him around. And I certainly miss him as a scientist too. He made some incredible contributions. Now, Stephen Hawking was something that we call a theoretical physicist, and what that means is that people use the mathematics of physics to explore areas of the universe that we can’t get to very easily. For example, conditions right after the Big Bang the beginning of the universe, what were things like when the universe was a fraction of a second old? That’s not something we can create very easily in a laboratory or any place we can go to, but we can use our mathematics to predict what that would have been like and then test our assumptions based on how the universe changed over time. And one of the places that is also very difficult to go to is, could we explore a black hole? And this is what Stephen Hawking was best known for. Now, black holes are massive objects they’re made from collapsed dead stars, and the nearest black hole to us is about 3000 light years away. That one is not particularly large, it’s only a couple times the mass of the sun. The biggest black hole that’s in our galaxy is about four million times the mass of the sun and that actually sits right in the heart of the Milky Way Galaxy. And right now you and I are actually orbiting that giant black hole at half a million miles an hour. These are incredibly exotic objects. The reason we call them black holes is that the gravity is so intense it can suck in everything, including light. Not even light, going through space freely at the speed of light, can escape a black hole, so talk about dramatic exotic objects that are difficult to do experiments on. Stephen Hawking laid down some of our basic understanding of how a black hole works. And one of the things he actually did was he even predicted that black holes can die. You would think that a collapsed star that forms a bottomless pit of gravity would exist forever, but Stephen Hawking used the laws of quantum mechanics and something called thermodynamics, how heat behaves in the universe, to prove that maybe black holes can evaporate over time. And of course, that’s a hugely significant thing. One of the reasons I think it’s very unfortunate he died is we’re actually right on the cusp of being able to do actual experiments with black holes. And I know that sounds like a strange thing to say, but there are some particle accelerators, I mean specifically the Large Hadron Collider, which is in Europe, that are about to get to high enough energies they’re going to smash particles together so hard that so much energy is generated they might be able to make tiny little black holes. And by the way, this is entirely safe. Don’t worry about it at all. Stephen Hawking showed us that black holes evaporate, they actually die away and the smaller a black hole is the faster this happens. So these little black holes—we’ll probably be lucky if we can detect them, they’re going to die in millionths of a second. And the Large Hadron Collider gets nowhere up to the energy of natural events all around us. Right now there are high energy particles slamming into our atmosphere a couple miles above our heads, and they are many, many hundreds of times the energy that the Large Hadron Collider will ever be able to get up to. So I am saying actually that there are probably tiny little black holes forming all around us, they evaporate away so quickly they’re very hard to detect. Stephen Hawking predicted the exact energy that black holes give off when they evaporate, and it may be that in just a few years time we’re going to observe that in a particle accelerator and realize he was right.

Astronomers at the Australian National University recently announced the discovery of a supermassive black hole thought to have the mass of 20 billion suns.

Join +Fraser Cain and +Pamela Gay for a live episode of Astronomy Cast. We'll record our 30-minute show, and then stay tuned for them to answer questions! Another update episode, this time we look at what's new and changed in the research of black holes. And it's here that we find a lot of substantial new discoveries in the field, so much has been discovered since we first covered black holes a decade ago.

Shep Doeleman, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Astronomer & Director, Event Horizon Telescope Project Black holes are the most exotic objects thought to exist in the universe, but no one has ever seen one. In this talk, Dr. Shep Doeleman, astronomer at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, will explore the evidence for black holes, and describe an effort to link radio dishes around the world to form an Earth-sized virtual telescope that can capture the first images of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Original music by Mark C. Petersen, Loch Ness Productions. Used with permission. Animations used under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

It’s the most famous prediction of perhaps the most famous genius of our time ... Stephen Hawking's theory of Hawking Radiation. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­-shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?tab=2&c=UC7_gcs09iThXybpVgjHZ_7g Quantum Vacuum Playlist https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsPUh22kYmNAHB1W2_Ka2F83sObdczwKr Previous Episode: Should Space be Privatized? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ7d503fN-g Soon after Einstein revealed his great general theory of relativity in 1915, physicists realized that it allowed for the possibility of catastrophic gravitational collapse. In places of extreme density like the dead core of a massive star, space and time could be dragged inwards to create a hole in the universe: a boundary in spacetime called an event horizon that could be entered, but from beyond which nothing could return. Once formed, there was nothing in theory or imagination that could bring material consumed back to the outside universe. These black holes should exist forever – only growing, never shrinking. References: Black Hole Explosions? S. W. Hawking (1974) https://www.nature.com/articles/248030a0 (paywall) Particle Breation by Black Holes S. W. Hawking (1975) https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02345020 (paywall) https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103899181 Hawking Radiation as Tunneling M. K. Parikh & F. Wilczek (2002) https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9907001 Hosted by Matt O'Dowd Written by Matt O'Dowd and Graeme Gossel Produced by Rusty Ward Graphics by Grayson Blackmon Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow and Linda Huang Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Faisal Saud Anton Lifshits Joey Redner Quasar Tambe Barsbay Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Roman Pinchuk ColeslawPurdie Hypernova Matthew O’Connor Eugene Lawson Martha Hunt Joseph Salomone Chuck Zegar Craig Peterson Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Barry Hatfield Edmund Fokschaner Kevin Costello Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: James Hughes Fabian Olesen Kris Fernet Jane Meyers James Flowers Greg Allen TJMadision Denys Ivanov Nick Virtue Alexey Eromenko Nicholas Rose Scott Gossett Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Michal-Peanut Karmi Erik Stein Daniel Lyons Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell J Rejc Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Florian Stinglmayr Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss

Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly). For our special offer from The Great Courses Plus...visit www.thegreatcoursesplus.com/space *Getting up close and personal to an active supermassive black hole Astronomers have discovered a rotating dusty gas torus around a monster black hole in the heart of the galaxy M-77 located some 47 million light years away. *IceCube measures high energy neutrinos The IceCube collaboration in Antarctica has measured neutrino oscillations at energies higher than any previous observation. *Interstellar asteroid sent spinning Astronomers say a 230 metre wide interstellar asteroid which sped through the inner solar system last year is tumbling chaotically – most likely due to a violent collision. *Progress docks with space station after mystery launch shutdown A Russian Progress cargo ship has successfully docked with the International Space Station after computers triggered a sudden mystery launch abort shutdown just seconds before an earlier launch attempt. *The Science Report Expect increasingly unpredictable annual rainfall due to climate change. The US Air Force unveils plans for its new B-21 heavy stealth bomber. Study claims 9 out of 10 juvenile criminals in detention have brain disorders. Using post mortem gene activity to more accurately pin point time of death. Alex on tech looking at the future of battery power. For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list

Until the end of the universe, black holes will be the longest living objects, but eventually every black hole will die. In this episode, we discuss black holes, Hawking radiation and the black hole information paradox, along with a few outcomes to the paradox. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow?sub_confirmation=1 ►Written, Produced & Narrated by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/K5Ddo6Hbcvo Music: “So Many Stars” by Miguel Johnson “Cylinder Five” by Chris Zabriskie

Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly). SpaceTime 20180110 Series 21 Episode 03 *Black holes control star formation in galaxies Astronomers have discovered a close correlation between the mass of a galaxy’s central black hole and how quickly that galaxy shunts down star formation. Young galaxies blaze with bright new stars forming at a rapid rate, but star formation eventually shuts down or quenches as galaxies evolves. *The Advanced Aviation Threat Identification Program Space Nuts The United States military has confirmed the existence of a modern day version of project Blue Book. Project blue book was a program run by the US Air Force during the 1960s to deal with reports of flying saucers and other Unidentified Flying Objects. *The Science Report Over a quarter of the world's landmass to become significantly drier because of global warming. The new study that’s found that bad people really do win Warnings that energy drinks and junk food might have unique risks for teenagers. Discovery of a strange new species of semi-aquatic theropod dinosaur related to Velociraptor. Storytelling was used in ancient times to promote cooperation in hunter-gatherer communities. The Skeptics guide to ghosts For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list For more, follow SpaceTime on Facebook, twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, Instagram, Google+, Patreon and Spreaker: Facebook: @spacetimewithstuartgary twitter: @stuartgary Tumblr: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/spacetimewithstuartgary/ Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/2/collection/cabtNB YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhpBkuHSLfIRnliLB12HoC1QE0rwr8qRS Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Spreaker: https://www.spreaker.com/show/spacetime-with-stuart-gary-2017 If you're enjoying SpaceTime, please help out by sharing and telling your friends. The best recommendation I can get is one from you. Thank you…

Scientists are attempting to model some of the most powerful explosions in the universe by miniaturizing them into lab experiments. A team used the intense Gemini laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK, with a special setup for studying what’s called an “electron-positron plasma beam,” or EPB. These beams seem to be creating strong, long-lasting magnetic fields. Scientists were able to observe, for the first time, some of the key phenomena that play a major role in the generation of gamma ray bursts, such as the self-generation of magnetic fields that lasted for a long time. In the universe, Gamma Ray Bursts occur with supernovae, or when massive stas explode. They are also caused by black holes. https://gizmodo.com/scientists-create-miniature-gamma-ray-bursts-to-study-b-1822115741 http://www.wochit.com This video was produced by YT Wochit News using http://wochit.com

Astronomers using ESO’s MUSE instrument on the Very Large Telescope in Chile have discovered a star in the cluster NGC 3201 that is behaving very strangely. It appears to be orbiting an invisible black hole with about four times the mass of the Sun — the first such inactive stellar-mass black hole found in a globular cluster. This important discovery impacts on our understanding of the formation of these star clusters, black holes, and the origins of gravitational wave events. This short ESOcast takes a look at this discovery and its significance. The video is available in 4K UHD. The ESOcast Light is a series of short videos bringing you the wonders of the Universe in bite-sized pieces. The ESOcast Light episodes will not be replacing the standard, longer ESOcasts, but complement them with current astronomy news and images in ESO press releases. More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/eso1802a/ Subscribe to ESOcast in iTunes! https://itunes.apple.com/podcast/esocast-hd/id295471183?mt=2 Receive future episodes on YouTube by pressing the Subscribe button above or follow us on Vimeo: https://vimeo.com/esoastronomy Watch more ESOcast episodes: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/esocast/ Find out how to view and contribute subtitles for the ESOcast in multiple languages, or translate this video on YouTube: http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/ Credit: ESO. Editing: Nico Bartmann. Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Rosa Jesse, Nicole Shearer and Richard Hook. Music: Music written and performed by: John Stanford (johnstanfordmusic.com). Footage and photos: ESO, Luís Calçada, spaceengine (spaceengine.org). Directed by: Nico Bartmann. Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.

Stream on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly). SpaceTime 20180105 Series 21 Episode 02 *Solving the mystery of what came first? Astronomers may be a step closer to solving one of the greatest mysteries in astrophysics – which came first the galaxy – or the supermassive black hole at its centre. The problem is do galaxies form first from the accumulation of stars, globular clusters, and molecular gas and dust clouds -- with densities at the galactic centre eventually becoming so high it forms a black hole. *Supermassive black hole stellar factory Astronomers have discovered 11 newly formed infant protostars within three light years of the supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy. Black holes generate powerful gravitational tidal forces and intense ultraviolet and X-ray radiation – environments far more conducive to destroying stars rather than creating them. *Mars may not be as dry as it seems A new study suggests water on Mars is being absorbed by the red planet’s rocks like a sponge. The findings reported in the journal Nature suggest that Martian basalt rocks can hold up to 25 percent more water than similar basalts on Earth. *SpaceX to launch Falcon Heavy shortly After more than 12 years of planning and development Space X is finally getting ready to fly its new Falcon Heavy launch vehicle. The 70-metre-tall reusable rocket is based around three Falcon 9 common booster core stages -- mounted side by side in a similar fashion to the Delta 4 heavy -- from which it will take the title as the world’s most powerful operational launch vehicle. For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including Apple Podcasts (formerly iTunes), audioBoom, Stitcher, PocketCasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, Spreaker etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Would you prefer to have access to the special commercial free version of SpaceTime? Help support the show, subscribe at Patreon....and share in the rewards. Details at www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list For more, follow SpaceTime on Facebook, twitter, Tumblr, YouTube, Instagram, Google+, Patreon and Spreaker: Facebook: @spacetimewithstuartgary twitter: @stuartgary Tumblr: http://spacetimewithstuartgary.tumblr.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/spacetimewithstuartgary/ Google+: https://plus.google.com/u/2/collection/cabtNB YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhpBkuHSLfIRnliLB12HoC1QE0rwr8qRS Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/spacetimewithstuartgary Spreaker: https://www.spreaker.com/show/spacetime-with-stuart-gary-2017 If you're enjoying SpaceTime, please help out by sharing and telling your friends. The best recommendation I can get is one from you. Thank you…

My twitter: https://twitter.com/Dreksler_Astral As of right now we are just not in ability to reach black holes, but will we ever even be in ability to visit black holes, and what would happened if we entered them? In this video it talk about just that. Intro, outro and many other clips in the video are made with Space Engine. Music: At the Foot of the Sphinx - Twin Musicom http://www.twinmusicom.org/

While we have all these different types or classifications of black holes, they all have one particular thing in common: they can all collide and merge. In this video, we discuss different possibilities of black holes colliding and merging and look in detail on what is going on. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow?sub_confirmation=1 ►Written, Produced & Narrated by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/03MtDOFSxPo Music: “Cylinder Five” by Chris Zabriskie

Learn all about black holes with this fun and informative black hole song for kids! Packed with black hole facts, The Black Hole Song will teach you all about the three different types of black holes, how black holes form, and more. Enjoy! For more music and information, visit http://sillyschoolsongs.com Lyrics: Black hole, a region in space Where gravity is so strong, nothing can escape Black hole, you know that place Where matter is squeezed in a tiny space Black hole, a region in space Where stars collapse and fade away Black hole, you know that place Where matter disappears without a trace Ever wonder what happens, when a star collapses? A black hole! Gravity starts pulling, and all the matter gets trapped in, never to be seen again! Like water going down the drain, when you pull the plug in the tub it's insane How a black hole pulls all the matter around Into a region of space that can't be found A giant star casts out its outer layers Leaving the core, which collapses in on itself And forms a black hole Black hole, a region in space Where gravity is so strong, nothing can escape Black hole, you know that place Where matter is squeezed in a tiny space Black hole, a region in space Where stars collapse and fade away Black hole, you know that place Where matter disappears without a trace There are three types of black holes: Stellar and supermassive and miniature (Whoa!) So a black hole can be small? As tiny as one single atom (That's all??!??) Yeah! But they can be really big too! Supermassive black holes are the ones that are super-huge And then stellar black holes are the ones That come from dying stars much bigger than our Sun Sagittarius A is a supermassive black hole in the middle of the Milky Way We will never reach it, because we are too far away Black hole, a region in space Where gravity is so strong, nothing can escape Black hole, you know that place Where matter is squeezed in a tiny space Black hole, a region in space Where stars collapse and fade away Black hole, you know that place Where matter disappears without a trace Copyright 2018 Silly School Songs. All Rights Reserved. Image Credits: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Alain_r http://www.black-holes.org/ http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/nustar/multimedia/pia16695.html

In April of 2017, astronomers from the Event Horizon Telescope team collected the data needed to form the first real picture of a black hole and very soon they will have analyzed all the data and have the first real picture of a black hole. In this video, we discuss the latest update about taking the first picture of a black hole. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow?sub_confirmation=1 ►Written, Produced & Narrated by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/EupRWFQJ0bw Music: “Cylinder Five” by Chris Zabriskie

A source that light known as J0045+1 that was once thought to be part of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) are actually a pair of black holes 1000X more distant. -- Full Story: https://www.space.com/39045-monster-black-holes-photobomb-galaxy-image.html Credit: NASA/CXC

The Schwarzschild radius decides the fate of every black hole in the universe. In this video, we will discuss the two ways of forming a black hole, while also discussing the Schwarzschild radius. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow?sub_confirmation=1 ►Hosted by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/iQQseekn1zc If you want to read more: https://www.britannica.com/science/Schwarzschild-radius http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/blogs/physics/2011/12/the-schwarzschild-radius-natures-breaking-point/ http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/blkhol.html http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/S/Schwarzschild+Radius https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius Music: “Cylinder Five” by Chris Zabriskie

A study published Dec. 7 in Nature explains a newfound supermassive black hole 800 million times the mass of the sun could shed light on how the universe formed.

The quasar is around 800 million times the mass of our sun. Learn more about this story at www.newsy.com/74192/ Find more videos like this at www.newsy.com Follow Newsy on Facebook: www.facebook.com/newsyvideos Follow Newsy on Twitter: www.twitter.com/newsyvideos

In this week’s question show, Fraser explains how astronomers measure the spin rate of black holes, other uses of gravitational slingshots, and why everyone is talking about Patreon. Get an email announcement whenever we release a new video: http://eepurl.com/dcThQ5 Links I mentioned: Astronomy Cast - http://www.astronomycast.com Andy Weir - http://andyweirauthor.com/ Weekly Space Hangout - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMPZpa08LoY What Fraser's Watching Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbJ42wpShvmkjd428BcHcCEVWOjv7cJ1G Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEItkORQYd4Wf0TpgYI_1fw Chad Weber - [email protected] Chloe Cain - Instagram: @chloegwen2001 1:11 Mysterious Nepal: u idiot make this video as exactly the article I have read ?! 3:10 Mycll d.D: Whjat does it mean for a black hole to spin? How can it have a speed when the singularity has zero radius? All of its mass is concentrated into zero volume, right? 4:57 RockawayCCW: Just curious, what's the maximum speed that a spacecraft could achieve by slingshotting around the planets in our Solar System? 6:39 M M: Great video Fraser. Is robbing orbital speed from a planet always done with the spacecraft coming from behind it? Could we slow down if we can from the front? 8:09 Chad Baptiste: Oh man! I just thought of a dope question! Hopefully it makes it into your next QA. What resolution of detail would the Hubble Telescope be able to pick up were it pointed to Earth? Is it like Google Maps detail, or CSI's "zoom and enhance!" detail? 9:40 jonfarray: Hi Fraser, I'm awesome inspired by your QAs. I have a Q that I would love you and your communities thoughts on. As the only known observers, what are we? Are we bags of meat? Bags of star dust? A body with a brain? A brain with a body? A spirit in a vessel? A single organism or a sentient community of organisms? I'm trying to keep my question short, but I guess I'm asking, what are we and what is the meaning of life please? Could it be to the observer? Thanks! 12:01 Grimbot2: If the Moon could be safely placed on Earth's surface, what would happen? Would it roll across the surface as the Earth rotates or would it sink through Earth's crust? 13:14 Paul Clifford: "head over to Patreon" is mandatory in every YouTube video now huh? 15:31 Ivaca Pavic: Why do you always say "in pretty much" every black hole? Does that mean there are galaxies detected without supermassive black holes in the center? What holds those galaxies together then? 16:28 khh1960: When using the transit method to detect exoplanets, how do they determine the size and orbital distance of the planets just by the amount of lost luminosity? 17:58 M.Otto: Wouldn't a water shield a few meters thick be cheaper 19:36 joethepro36: Glad to hear it, without moon landings, Mars is a pipedream. The only question I have is if the Moon is suitable as a staging base? What do you think Fraser?

What does a black hole look like? No one knows for sure. Artists make their images based on what physicists think they look like. But that could be about to change. This Is Not What Space Looks Like - https://youtu.be/N5rZ9E72zbI Read More: Scientists Wonder If the Collision of Two Neutron Stars Created a Black Hole https://www.seeker.com/space/astrophysics/scientists-wonder-if-the-collision-of-two-neutron-stars-created-a-black-hole “For the first time, scientists have seen the source of gravitational waves from two colliding neutron stars, and the space oddity doesn't stop there. Those neutron stars might have collapsed into a black hole after they merged, scientists say.” Gravitational Wave Kicks Monster Black Hole Out of Galactic Core https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/gravitational-wave-kicks-monster-black-hole-out-of-galactic-core “Astronomers have uncovered a supermassive black hole that has been propelled out of the center of a distant galaxy by what could be the awesome power of gravitational waves.” New Class of Black Hole 100,000 Times Larger Than the Sun Detected in Milky Way https://www.seeker.com/space/astronomy/new-class-of-black-hole-100000-times-larger-than-the-sun-detected-in-milky-way “Black holes are notoriously hard to find, since they don’t emit any light. But there’s one particular size of black hole that has been especially evasive, even though astronomers have theorized that they should be plentiful..” ____________________ Seeker inspires us to see the world through the lens of science and evokes a sense of curiosity, optimism and adventure. Visit the Seeker website https://www.seeker.com/videos Subscribe now! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=dnewschannel Seeker on Twitter http://twitter.com/seeker Trace Dominguez on Twitter https://twitter.com/tracedominguez Seeker on Facebook https://www.facebook.com/SeekerMedia/ Seeker http://www.seeker.com/

Stream episodes on demand from www.bitesz.com (mobile friendly) This episode of Space Nuts is brought to you by Moonshot...a new podcast that discusses the ideas and technology that just might change the world. You can subscribe to Moonshot at all good podcast apps including Apple Podcasts, Stitcher, PocketCasts, CastBox.fm etc. Check it out today. For more visit www.moonshot.audio *Solving a black hole mystery Astronomers have for the first time measured the acceleration zone of a powerful jet of plasma being shot deep into space by a feeding black hole. The findings indicate these intense plasma streams are charged within 30 thousand kilometres of the black hole itself. *Mars 2020 Rover will have 23 eyes NASA says improvements in camera technology mean its next rover to Mars will have no fewer than 23 cameras, to create sweeping panoramas, reveal obstacles, study the atmosphere, and assist science instruments. *Rare Mariner’s astrolabe discovered Marine archaeologists have recovered a rare Mariner’s Astrolabe in a shipwreck off the coast of Oman. The astrolabe -- stamped with the Portuguese royal coat of arms -- was found in the wreckage of the 500-year-old Portuguese ship Esmeralda -- part of a fleet of 20 vessels under the command of the explorer Vasco da Gama who in 1498 discovered a direct route from Europe to India. *Strange auroral activity discovered on Jupiter It’s been discovered that Jupiter's intense northern and southern auroral lights pulse independently of each other. The findings indicate that very high-energy X-ray emissions at Jupiter's south pole consistently pulse every 11 minutes. However, those at the Jovian north pole are erratic. *November Skywatch We check out the celestial sphere for November on Skywatch. And just like October -- November see’s three meteor showers -- November Orionids, the Taurids, and the Leonids. *The Science Report Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have now risen to 403.3 parts per million – its highest level in over 800,000 years. Links between some acid reflux drugs and stomach cancer. Migration not murder was the most likely cause for the disappearance of the Neanderthals. New study on the origins of dingos. Using astrophysics and cosmic rays to study the Great Pyramid. Seven out of ten mammoth fossils are males. For enhanced Show Notes including photos to accompany this episode, visit: http://www.bitesz.com/spacetimeshownotes Subscribe, rate and review SpaceTime at all good podcasting apps…including iTunes, audioBoom, Stitcher, Pocketcasts, Podbean, Radio Public, Tunein Radio, google play, etc RSS feed: https://audioboom.com/channels/4642443.rss Help support SpaceTime : The SpaceTime with Stuart Gary merchandise shop. Get your T-Shirts, Coffee Cups, badges, tote bag + more and help support the show. Check out the range: http://www.cafepress.com/spacetime Thank you. Plus: As a part of the SpaceTime family, you can get a free audio book of your choice, plus 30 days free access from audible.com. Just visit www.audibletrial.com/spacetime or click on the banner link at www.spacetimewithstuartgary.com Email: [email protected] Join our mailing list at http://www.bitesz.com/join-our-mailing-list

Traditionally, we think of black holes as stellar black holes, black holes formed when a star with sufficient mass collapses in on itself because the outwards radiation pressure can no longer withstand the inward force of gravity and then they inevitably form a singularity and event horizon. Today, however, we discuss primordial black holes, and we look at possibilities for these black holes being dark matter and we discuss the future of PBHs. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow?sub_confirmation=1 ►Hosted by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/qPBas-_CiTk If you want to read more: https://www.space.com/8057-primordial-black-holes-formed-big-bang.html https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/nasa-scientist-suggests-possible-link-between-primordial-black-holes-and-dark-matter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/ap_prbh.php https://phys.org/news/2017-08-primordial-black-holes-forge-heavy.html Music: “A Memory of Earth” by Markus Junnikkala

Do gravitational waves give an indication of the distribution of black holes? Can Hawking radiation help us detect black holes? Jerome Gauntlett answers audience questions following his talk: https://youtu.be/laKp1XeEF74 Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Jerome Gauntlett is a professor of theoretical physics at Imperial College. His principal research interests are focussed on string theory, quantum field theory and black holes. Most recently he has been investigating whether string theory techniques can be used to study exotic states of matter that arise in condensed matter physics. He was Head of the Theoretical Physics Group at Imperial from 2011-2016. The Ri is on Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://richannel.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

Black holes are extraordinary and may even hold the key to unlocking the next phase in our understanding of the laws of physics. Watch the Q&A here: https://youtu.be/0GZRt8kIdVE Subscribe for regular science videos: http://bit.ly/RiSubscRibe Black holes are amongst the most extraordinary objects that are known to exist in the universe. Jerome Gauntlett will discuss their fascinating properties and describe the dramatic recent observations of black holes using gravitational waves. He will also explain why it is believed that black holes hold the key to unlocking the next level of our understanding of the fundamental laws of physics. Jerome Gauntlett is a professor of theoretical physics at Imperial College. His principal research interests are focussed on string theory, quantum field theory and black holes. Most recently he has been investigating whether string theory techniques can be used to study exotic states of matter that arise in condensed matter physics. He was Head of the Theoretical Physics Group at Imperial from 2011-2016. He was the theoretical physics consultant for the film The Theory of Everything and he has an Erdos-Bacon number of six (having written a paper with Shing-Tung Yau and appeared in the film Windrider with Nicole Kidman). The Ri is on Twitter: http://twitter.com/ri_science and Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/royalinstitution and Tumblr: http://ri-science.tumblr.com/ Our editorial policy: http://rigb.org/home/editorial-policy Subscribe for the latest science videos: http://bit.ly/RiNewsletter

2016 Special Breakthrough Prize and 2017 Nobel Prize winner Kip Thorne on what gravitational waves will be able to tell us about black holes, the first billionth of a second of the Universe and the birth of the electromagnetic force.

On Aug. 14, astronomers from LIGO sites in the United States and a VIRGO site in Italy identified the merger of two black holes from gravitational waves the collision created.

Astronomers are still puzzled about how super-massive black holes formed so soon after the Big Bang. Learn more about this story at www.newsy.com/72344/ Find more videos like this at www.newsy.com Follow Newsy on Facebook: www.facebook.com/newsyvideos Follow Newsy on Twitter: www.twitter.com/newsyvideos

In this video, we discuss white holes: the theoretical opposite of a black hole. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow?sub_confirmation=1 ►Hosted by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/sizfrKqIrck If you want to read more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hole http://www.iflscience.com/physics/what-white-hole/ https://astronaut.com/10-mind-blowing-facts-white-holes/ https://futurism.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-black-hole-and-a-white-hole/ http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/794152/black-holes-white-holes-multiverse-big-bang-theory Music: “Cylinder Five” by Chris Zabriskie

Astronomers have been searching for mid-weight black holes, and now they’ve found one, right here in the Milky Way. Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEIt... Chad Weber - [email protected] Chloe Cain - Instagram: @chloegwen2001 I can’t believe my luck. Just last week as we were putting up our newest video about how smaller black holes combine into more and more massive black holes, leading up to supermassive black holes, astronomers announced one of the most important discoveries in black hole research in the last few years. So, as I sometimes do, I’ve stopped the explainer video train to report on a very important piece of space news. And actually cover a topic that I’ve had in my queue for a while: the search for intermediate mass black holes. Half news, half explainer. Enjoy. Astronomers from Japan announced last week that they had discovered a black hole with 100,000 times the mass of the Sun, near the center of the Milky Way. This is one of the best observations ever made of a mysterious class of objects known as “intermediate mass black holes”, thought to be the building blocks of the much larger supermassive black holes we’ve come to know and love at the centers of galaxies. The team used two radio telescopes, the Nobeyama 45-m Radio Telescope near Nagano, and the ASTE Telescope in Chile. They observed a giant cloud of gas 15 light-years across, located just 200 light-years away from Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Gas clouds are common out there in the Universe, but what makes this one, unusual is how gas is zipping around within the cloud at vastly different speeds. Only something with a massive amount of gravity could hold it together like this. They searched for pulsars and other compact objects that could hold it together, but their calculations indicated that only an object with 100,000 times the mass of the Sun could account for the behavior of the gas in the cloud. We know there are stellar mass black holes. They form when stars with many times the mass of our Sun run out of fuel and die in a supernova explosion, leaving behind a black hole with a few times the mass of the Sun. And we know there are supermassive black holes, with millions or even billions of times the mass of the Sun. When they’re actively feeding, they can blast out beams of radiation that outshine their entire galaxy. But the missing link is how these supermassive black holes could have formed. You’d expect to see mergers across the Universe, with stellar mass black holes coming together into intermediate mass black holes, these merging together, and eventually leading up to supermassive black holes. Although stellar and supermassive black holes have been found, it’s this in-between stage that has been elusive so far. In fact, finding an object with 100,000 times the mass of the Sun, this close to the Milky Way’s supermassive black hole is actually twice the luck. If it’s this close to the heart of the Milky Way, it could be in the process of merging, building up the mass of Sagittarius A*, which would go from 4.1 million times the mass of the Sun to… 4.2 million times the mass of the Sun at some point in the distant future. The news is reporting that this is the first time intermediate black holes have been found, but that’s not exactly true, it’s just that this is the best direct observation ever made.

It’s a mystery that’s puzzled astronomers for years. Which came first, supermassive black holes or the galaxies that surround them? Support us at: http://www.patreon.com/universetoday More stories at: http://www.universetoday.com/ Follow us on Twitter: @universetoday Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/universetoday Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+universetoday/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/universetoday Team: Fraser Cain - @fcain / [email protected] Karla Thompson - @karlaii / https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEIt... Chad Weber - [email protected] Chloe Cain - Instagram: @chloegwen2001 Every time astronomers look farther out in the Universe, they discover new mysteries. These mysteries require all new tools and techniques to understand. These mysteries lead to more mysteries. What I’m saying is that it’s mystery turtles all the way down. One of the most fascinating is the discovery of quasars, understanding what they are, and the unveiling of an even deeper mystery, where do they come from? As always, I’m getting ahead of myself, so first, let’s go back and talk about the discovery of quasars. Back in the 1950s, astronomers scanned the skies using radio telescopes, and found a class of bizarre objects in the distant Universe. They were very bright, and incredibly far away; hundreds of millions or even billion of light-years away. The first ones were discovered in the radio spectrum, but over time, astronomers found even more blazing in the visible spectrum. The astronomer Hong-Yee Chiu coined the term “quasar”, which stood for quasi-stellar object. They were like stars, shining from a single point source, but they clearly weren’t stars, blazing with more radiation than an entire galaxy. Over the decades, astronomers puzzled out the nature of quasars, learning that they were actually black holes, actively feeding and blasting out radiation, visible billions of light-years away. But they weren’t the stellar mass black holes, which were known to be from the death of giant stars. These were supermassive black holes, with millions or even billions of times the mass of the Sun. As far back as the 1970s, astronomers considered the possibility that there might be these supermassive black holes at the heart of many other galaxies, even the Milky Way. In 1974, astronomers discovered a radio source at the center of the Milky Way emitting radiation. It was titled Sagittarius A*, with an asterisk that stands for “exciting”, well, in the “excited atoms” perspective. This would match the emissions of a supermassive black hole that wasn’t actively feeding on material. Our own galaxy could have been a quasar in the past, or in the future, but right now, the black hole was mostly silent, apart from this subtle radiation. Astronomers needed to be certain, so they performed a detailed survey of the very center of the Milky Way in the infrared spectrum, which allowed them to see through the gas and dust that obscures the core in visible light. They discovered a group of stars orbiting Sagittarius A-star, like comets orbiting the Sun. Only a black hole with millions of times the mass of the Sun could provide the kind of gravitational anchor to whip these stars around in such bizarre orbits. Further surveys found a supermassive black hole at the heart of the Andromeda Galaxy, in fact, it appears as if these monsters are at the center of almost every galaxy in the Universe. But how did they form? Where did they come from? Did the galaxy form first, and cause the black hole to form at the middle, or did the black hole form, and build up a galaxy around them?

Black holes are very well known but... What is a White Hole? Get 15% off your next purchase at https://www.legalzoom.com/spacetime. LegalZoom is not a law firm or a substitute for the advice of an attorney. You can further support us on Patreon at https://www.patreon.com/pbsspacetime Get your own Space Time t­shirt at http://bit.ly/1QlzoBi Tweet at us! @pbsspacetime Facebook: facebook.com/pbsspacetime Email us! pbsspacetime [at] gmail [dot] com Comment on Reddit: http://www.reddit.com/r/pbsspacetime Help translate our videos! https://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_... Previous Episode: https://youtu.be/OfOuBx6XW3Q Black Hole Playlist https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNaEBbFbvcY&list=PLsPUh22kYmNBl4h0i4mI5zDflExXJMo_x How Time Becomes Space Inside a Black Hole https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KePNhUJ2reI Are You a Boltzmann Brain? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nhy4Z_32kQo Lurking in the depths of the mathematics of Einstein’s general relativity is an object even stranger than the mysterious black hole. In fact it’s the black hole’s mirror twin, the white hole. Some even think that these could be the origin of our universe. Written by Drew Rosen and Matt O’Dowd Hosted by Matt O’Dowd Produced by Rusty Ward Graphics by Kurt Ross Assistant Editing and Sound Design by Mike Petrow Made by Kornhaber Brown (www.kornhaberbrown.com) Special thanks to our Patreon Big Bang, Quasar and Hypernova Supporters: Big Bang CoolAsCats David Nicklas Richard Senegor Quasar Tambe Barsbay Max Levine Mayank M. Mehrota Mars Yentur Mark Rosenthal Dean Fuqua Hypernova Eugene Lawson Chuck Zegar Jordan Young Ratfeast John Hofmann Joseph Salomone Martha Hunt Craig Peterson Barry Hatfield Matthew O’Connor Thanks to our Patreon Gamma Ray Burst Supporters: Scott Gossett Mark Dykstra Peter Durocher Michael Kers Chris Hicks Mark Vasile Patrick Murray Sultan Alkhulaifi Alex Seto Jared Moore Michal-Peanut Karmi Bernardo Higuera Erik Stein Daniel Lyons Kevin Warne JJ Bagnell J Rejc Amy Jie Avi Goldfinger John Pettit Shannan Catalano Florian Stinglmayr Yubo Du Benoit Pagé-Guitard Nathan Leniz Jessica Fraley Loro Lukic Brandon Labonte David Crane Greg Weiss

Today we look at the closest black holes, how we can see these black holes and other ways of finding black holes. We also discuss the only known way to kill a black hole and we look at why that phenomenon occurs. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow?sub_confirmation=1 ►Hosted by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/orOReNscFH4 If you want to read more: http://www.iflscience.com/space/where-are-the-closest-black-holes-to-earth/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_black_holes https://www.space.com/7678-black-hole-closer-earth-thought.html http://www.askamathematician.com/2011/05/q-is-it-possible-to-destroy-a-black-hole/ http://uk.businessinsider.com/what-happens-when-you-enter-a-black-hole-2014-12?r=US&IR=T Music: “Sirius” by Sergey Cheremisinov "Endless Story about Sun and Moon” by Kai Engel “Amino” by Lombus Credit: ESO: https://youtu.be/duoHtJpo4GY Gravitational waves: https://youtu.be/B4XzLDM3Py8 Gravitational waves simulation: https://youtu.be/z7pKXVkcDzs

If light can’t escape from black holes, how can we observe them at all? Find out from astrophysicist Janna Levin, co-host Matt Kirshen, and Shep Doeleman, the MIT astrophysicist leading the Event Horizon Telescope project to study black hole Sgr A* at the center of our galaxy. Note: If you don’t want to wait months to watch these, subscribe to #StarTalkAllAccess & see them the same night as the original podcast! For more exclusive content and commercial-free full episodes, subscribe to StarTalkAllAccess.com If you love StarTalk Radio, don't miss out on any StarTalk news. Sign up for our free newsletter: http://www.startalkradio.net/newsletter/youtube/ Catch up with StarTalk Radio around the web: iTunes - http://bit.ly/SOHDg6 SoundCloud - https://soundcloud.com/startalk Stitcher - http://www.stitcher.com/podcast/startalk TuneIn - http://tunein.com/radio/StarTalk-Radio-p334521/ Google Play Music - https://play.google.com/music/m/I6lczawbvvafjdburzbcc23aacu?t=StarTalk_Radio Twitter - https://twitter.com/StarTalkRadio Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/StarTalkRadio Google+ - https://plus.google.com/+startalkradio Snapchat - https://www.snapchat.com/add/startalk-radio Pinterest - http://pinterest.com/startalk/ Tumblr - http://startalkradio.tumblr.com/ Instagram - http://instagram.com/startalkradio The List App - https://li.st/startalkradio

A new analysis of data from ESO’s Very Large Telescope and other telescopes suggests that the orbits of stars around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way show the subtle effects predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity. There are hints that the orbit of the star S2 is deviating slightly from the path calculated using classical physics. This tantalising result is a prelude to much more precise measurements and tests of relativity that will be made using the GRAVITY instrument as star S2 passes very close to the black hole in 2018. This short video shows what this result means and why it is important. The video is available in 4K UHD. The ESOcast Light is a series of short videos bringing you the wonders of the Universe in bite-sized pieces. The ESOcast Light episodes will not be replacing the standard, longer ESOcasts, but complement them with current astronomy news and images in ESO press releases. More information and download options: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/esocast121a/ Subscribe to ESOcast in iTunes! https://itunes.apple.com/podcast/esocast-hd/id295471183?mt=2 Receive future episodes on YouTube by pressing the Subscribe button above or follow us on Vimeo: https://vimeo.com/esoastronomy Watch more ESOcast episodes: http://www.eso.org/public/videos/archive/category/esocast/ Find out how to view and contribute subtitles for the ESOcast in multiple languages, or translate this video on YouTube: http://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/ Credit: ESO. Visual Design and Editing: Nico Bartmann. Web and technical support: Mathias André and Raquel Yumi Shida. Written by: Izumi Hansen and Richard Hook. Music: Music written and performed by STAN DART (www.stan-dart.com). Footage and photos: ESO, N. Risinger (skysurvey.org), Digitized Sky Survey 2, M. Parsa, L. Calçada and MPE. Directed by: Nico Bartmann. Executive producer: Lars Lindberg Christensen.

Nigel Goes to Space Join Nigel as he takes you on his journey to the stars and beyond! Subscribe to Naked Science – http://goo.gl/wpc2Q1 Nigel is an internationally acclaimed science populariser and author, specialising in astronomy and space. In this video he responds to a question from Willow Roberts. What is a white hole? In general relativity, a white hole is a hypothetical region of spacetime which cannot be entered from the outside, although matter and light can escape from it. A place you can leave but never go back. In this sense, it is the reverse of a black hole, which can only be entered from the outside and from which matter and light cannot escape.

We may have just gotten the first real picture of a black hole. No not these artist impressions that you see all over the Internet, this is the real deal. In this video, we will be talking about this picture of a black hole and we’ll also talk about Kugelblitz’s and what they are. ►Click here to subscribe: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB0fFWQLZ2oj-FaoDUG_wow ►Hosted by: David ►Share this video: https://youtu.be/H_a8E-RS4Gc If you want to read more: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/black-hole-event-horizon-telescope-pictures-genius-science/ http://www.astronomy.com/news/2017/04/first-image-of-a-black-hole https://phys.org/news/2017-04-astronomers-piece-image-black-hole.html https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23431204-200-earthsized-telescope-set-to-snap-first-picture-of-a-black-hole/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics) Music: “Cylinder Five” by Chris Zabriskie Credit: Stars orbiting Sagittarius A*: https://youtu.be/duoHtJpo4GY

Description: Black holes are some of the most exotic and extreme objects in the universe. Though they sound like the stuff of science fiction, they are real and much more common than you might think. Every galaxy has a black hole lurking at its center! Also, these black holes are not actually black, because matter falling into black holes liberates energy that can power some of the brightest objects we see in the night sky. In this lecture you will find out exactly what a black hole is, how we can find them, and how they can flare intensely — giving rise to impressive firework displays and launching vast jets of plasma at close to the speed of light. About the Speaker: Dan Wilkins is an astrophysicist in the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (KIPAC) at Stanford University and SLAC. He received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 2013. He held a postdoctoral position in Halifax, Nova Scotia, under a fellowship from the Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics. In 2016, he joined KIPAC as an NASA-supported Einstein Fellow. Wilkins works on both observational and theoretical aspects of black hole physics. He is a member of teams at NASA and the Japanese Space Agency (JAXA) that are developing next-generation X-ray observatories to study energetic cosmic sources powered by black holes.

Use my link http://www.audible.com/isaac and get a free audio book with a 30 day trial! In the previous episode we saw how civilizations might not simply survive after all the stars in the Universe had died, but might indeed thrive far better during the Black Hole Era of the Universe. Today, we will go beyond even the Dark Era to examine the concepts or Iron Star Civilizations, Boltzmann Brains, Reversible Computing, and even reversing Entropy itself. Visit our Website: http://www.isaacarthur.net Join the Facebook Group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1583992725237264/ Support the Channel on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/IsaacArthur Visit the sub-reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/IsaacArthur/ Listen or Download the audio of this episode from Soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/isaac-arthur-148927746/civilizations-at-the-end-of-time-iron-stars Cover Art by Jakub Grygier: https://www.artstation.com/artist/jakub_grygier Graphics Team: Edward Nardella Jarred Eagley Justin Dixon Katie Byrne Misho Yordanov Murat Mamkegh Pierre Demet Sergio Botero Stefan Blandin Script Editing: Andy Popescu Connor Hogan Edward Nardella Eustratius Graham Gregory Leal Jefferson Eagley Luca de Rosa Michael Gusevsky Mitch Armstrong MolbOrg Naomi Kern Philip Baldock Sigmund Kopperud Steve Cardon Tiffany Penner Music: Markus Junnikkala, "Always tell me the odds" Lombus, "Hydrogen Sonata" AJ Prasad, "Staring Through" Dan McLeod, NeptuneUK, "Calculations" Markus Junnikkala, "A Memory of Earth" Phase Shift, "Forest Night"

SUBSCRIBE to Space with Sarah: http://tinyurl.com/k5wxw6x Black holes are mysterious objects. They are so massive that even light cannot escape them! This makes them hard for astronomers to actually detect as we cannot *see them*. In this video astrophysicist, Sarah, explains how we can infer that a very massive black hole must exist at the center of our own galaxy, the Milky Way, based on the motions of stars in the center of our Galaxy. As it turns out, all massive galaxies seem to have super massive black holes at their centers. Please ask any questions you might have in the comment section. Creator: Sarah Pearson Producer: Brett Van Deusen Animator: Joshua Bogy Image credits: NASA Hubble NASA Spitzer ESO ESO/GAIA Steve Bowers Via Lactea II - Diemand et al. 2008, Nature Digital graphics by Morgan Mullen Episode music by Krychek: http://krychek.nyc Episode background: Via Lactea II simulation by Diemand, Kuhlen, Madau et al. 2008, Nature Intro graphics by Frederik Olufsen: http://thefrederik.com/portfolio/ Intro Music by Palm Tree Gang & Max Fail (courtesy of Riotville Records): https://soundcloud.com/riotville-records/palm-tree-gang-max-fail-chameleon-feat-anuka Sound design by Tim Korn Color correction: Jeff Sousa Partially supported by the National Science Foundation: NSF grant AST-1614743

Support RealLifeLore and get 10% off your order at Hover by using the link: http://hover.com/reallifelore. 10% off code is RealLifeLore! Black Holes are weird, and awesome and a lot of other things. Let's go down this rabbit hole... Please Subscribe: http://bit.ly/2dB7VTO Music is by Brandon Maahs. Check out his website and music by clicking this link: http://www.brandonmaahs.com/audio-reel Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/official_what_a_world/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/RealLifeLore/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/RealLifeLore1 Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/RealLifeLore/ Subreddit is moderated by Oliver Bourdouxhe Special thanks to Patrons: Joshua Tavares, Wesley Jackson, Matthew Mikulka and Suraj Anandalwar. Videos explaining things. Mostly over topics like history, geography, economics and science. We believe that the world is a wonderfully fascinating place, and you can find wonder anywhere you look. That is what our videos attempt to convey. Currently, we try our best to release one video every week. Bear with us 🙂 Business Email: [email protected] Additional Reading: Research Links: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_massive_black_holes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCIRS_13E https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_large_numbers https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/nasa-knows/what-is-a-black-hole-k4.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole Select graphics acquired by Cyber Web FX: https://www.youtube.com/c/CyberWebFX Video courtesy of Nasa Goddard Media Studios https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=12005

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Planets transit stars all the time, yeah yeah that's old news. So what about black holes?! We've never detected a black hole transiting a star but it would create some pretty weird effects, as we get into in this week's Cool Worlds episode. Feel free to ask questions below! ::More about this Video:: ► Kruse & Agol (2014), "KOI-3278: A Self-Lensing Binary Star System": https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.4379 ► Maeder (1973), "Light Curves of the Gravitational Lens-like Action for Binaries with Degenerate Stars": http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973A%26A....26..215M ► Cool Worlds - Live Q&A on Tabby's Star with Tabby Boyajian: https://youtu.be/k_-6SEb2QlM ► Cool Worlds - A Theory for Tabby's Star: https://youtu.be/risNfZxz6DQ ► Cool Worlds - Eyeball Earths: https://youtu.be/85zbpJXSTn0 ► Cool Worlds - The Great American Eclipse 2017: https://youtu.be/9Vi35gVCz2Y ► Cool Worlds - A Cloaking Device for Transiting Planets: https://youtu.be/z1Pqqf_6J9w ► Cool Worlds Lab website: http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu ► Columbia University Department of Astronomy: http://www.astro.columbia.edu ► Outro music by melodysheep "Monsters of the Cosmos": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7e5-0t0pTF0 ::Playlists For Channel:: Latest Cool Worlds Videos ► http://bit.ly/NewCoolWorlds Cool Worlds Research ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsResearch Guest Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsGuests Q&A Videos ► http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsQA Tabby's Star ► http://bit.ly/TabbysStar Science of TV/Film ► http://bit.ly/ScienceMovies ::Follow us:: SUBSCRIBE to the channel http://bit.ly/CoolWorldsSubscribe Cool Worlds Lab http://coolworlds.astro.columbia.edu Twitter https://twitter.com/david_kipping Instagram https://www.instagram.com/cool.worlds THANKS FOR WATCHING!!

SUBSCRIBE to Space with Sarah: http://tinyurl.com/k5wxw6x Have you ever wondered how black holes form? As an astrophysicist, Sarah often gets asked what black holes are, what's inside of them, what happens if you fall into them and if they are portals to other Universes. While some of these questions are still open and unsolved, we do know that there are different kinds of black holes: stellar mass black holes, intermediate mass black holes and super massive black holes which all form in different ways. Scientist are still working out the exact details of how this happens. In this video, Sarah explains how stellar mass black holes can form when a massive star explodes, which is one of the formation mechanisms of black holes that we understand fairly well, although current research is still being done on this very topic. Creator: Sarah Pearson Producer: Brett Van Deusen Animator: Joshua Bogy Image credits: Via Lactea II - Diemand et al. 2008, Nature https://i.ytimg.com/vi/MZXR9UdfYxo/hqdefault.jpg Paramount: http://cdn.hitfix.com/photos/5830540/InterstellarMatthew-McConaugheyLSParamount.jpg NASA, Hubble Digital graphics by Morgan Mullen Episode music by Krychek: http://krychek.nyc Episode background: Via Lactea II simulation by Diemand, Kuhlen, Madau et al. 2008, Nature Intro graphics by Frederik Olufsen: http://thefrederik.com/portfolio/ Intro Music by Palm Tree Gang & Max Fail (courtesy of Riotville Records): https://soundcloud.com/riotville-records/palm-tree-gang-max-fail-chameleon-feat-anuka Sound design by Tim Korn Dungeon Beach: http://dungeonbeach.com/ Color correction: Jeff Sousa Partially supported by the National Science Foundation: NSF grant AST-1614743

Black holes are often thought of as cosmic vacuum cleaners, but research shows that they may resemble a toddler more than a vacuum. Of all the gas that falls towards black holes, a lot of that gets spewed back out into space, making black holes seem less like a vacuum cleaner, and more like a toddler whose food ends up mostly on the floor rather than his mouth. Subscribe to us here: https://www.youtube.com/user/yourdiscoveryscience?sub_confirmation=1 Like us at: https://www.Facebook.com/yourdiscoveryscience

From time immemorial humans have been charting the night sky to make sense of the cosmos—from the mapping of stars for navigation to today’s digital surveys of galaxies to understand dark matter. In this 60-minute-long presentation Dr. Priya Natarajan, author of the book “Mapping the Heavens,” recounts the evolution of celestial map-making and shows how maps literally track our ever evolving cosmic view. In particular, she discusses recent developments in our understanding of two invisible entities: dark matter and black holes. Dr. Natarajan is a theoretical astrophysicist at Yale University, interested in cosmology, gravitational lensing and black hole physics. Her research focuses on making dark matter maps of clusters of galaxies, the largest known repositories of dark matter.